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Kerala

Kerala The gods Own Country.The Country that need to visit every one who love natural beauty..........Here a Journey through everything about Kerala

GEOGRAPHY kerala is located on the southernmost tip of India and embraces the coast of Arabian Sea on the west and is bounded by the Western Ghats in the east. This South Indian state stretches from north to south along the coast line of 580 kms with an approximate breadth of 35 to 120 kms. Lying within east longitudes 74 degree 52' and 72 degree 22' and north latitudes 8 degree 18' and 12 degree 48' this idyllic land of pleasing beauty embraces1.18 % area of the country of India. kerala also encloses Mah, Pondicherry's coastal exclave. With 14 districts and other cities the total area of kerala is 38, 863 sq km.

Climate of Kerala- The coastal state of kerala on the Southwestern tip of India has commonly been called the tropical paradise of India. Bounded by Arabian Sea at one side and the Western Ghats on the other, the beautiful land with stunning beauty has an equable and tropical climate offering a pleasing atmosphere throughout the entire year. This coastal state has hot and humid climate during April-May and pleasant, cold climate in December-January. Summer extends from the month of April to June when the temperature reaches to a maximum of 33 degrees centigrade. Summer is followed by South West Monsoon that starts pouring in the month of June and continues till September. With the arrival of winter there is certain drop in the temperature and you can feel a slight chill due to the cold wind. Winter in keralalasts from from November to January or February.

Topography and the geographical relief features are marked by distinct changes from east to west and consists of-

• The Western Ghats- The mighty Western Ghats, a sequence of Rocky Mountains, edges the eastern boundary ofkerala and ascends roughly upto 1, 500 m above sea level with the lofty peaks rising upto 2, 500 m.
  
  
• Hill and Valleys- The narrow piece of land on the eastern border, close to the Western Ghats, encompasses precipitous hills, deep valleys and gorges which are covered with thick woods. Almost all the rivers of the state originate here.
  
  
• Midland Plains- These plains which lie along central kerala, are located in the west of the hills and mountains.
  
  
• Coastal Belt-The narrow belt of coastal land along the Arabian Sea is characterized by paddy fields, rows of coconut trees and serene, and backwaters internally linked by rivers and inland waterways.
  
  
• Backwaters and Rivers-The Backwaters consists of lakes and inlets of oceans which straggle out in the land. The largest backwater is the Vembanad Lake which stretches out into the Arabian Sea at Cochin Port. There are 49 river/lakes flowing in the state of kerala among them 46 flows to the west and the other 3 flow to the east. They evolve from Western Ghats and rush towards the west into the Arabian Sea.

Kerala History Dates Back To Mauryan Empire

The first recorded history of Kerala appears in the inscriptions of the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka (269-232 b.c.).In these inscriptions, Ashoka refers to four independent kingdoms that lay to the south of his empire. These were the kingdoms of the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Keralaputrasand the Satiyaputras.Among them, the Keralaputras or the Cheras, as they were called, reigned over Malabar, Cochin and North Travancore - all part of present-day Kerala. They managed to maintain their independence because they were on good terms with the Great Maurya. Otherwise, Ashoka, who was a great empire builder, would surely have attempted to bring these kingdoms under his tutelage.
The four South Indian Kingdoms extended a hand of friendship towards the Mauryas. It was really Hobson's choice for them, having already experienced the Mauryan onslaught during the reign of Ashoka's predecessor, Bindusara (297-272 b.c.)


The Sangam Age

Information about the Cheras during the Mauryan times is very scarce. It is only in the Sangam Age that the history of Kerala emerges from myths and legends. The Sangam Age refers to the period during which Sangam literature was composed. Sangam literally means academy and these great works in Tamil were written in the first four centuries of the Christian era.
Tradition has it that the first three academies met at Madurai and were attended by kings and poets.
However, the literature composed at the First Sangam is no longer extant.

Tolkappiyam : The earliest work on Tamil grammar, was composed during the Second Sangam.
Ettutogai : The Third Sangam produced a remarkable collection of Tamil literature known as Ettutogai ("Eight Anthologies"). These anthologies give us a detailed description of the political, social and economic conditions of that period.

The Chera Kingdom

The Sangam Age witnessed three political powers ruling the area which now constitutes the State of Kerala. These were the Ays in the south, the Cheras in Central Kerala and Ezhimalas to the north. The Ays established a kingdom which in its halcyon days, extended from Tiruvalla in the north to Nagercoil in the south. Antiran, Titiyam and Atiyan were the most prominent of the Ay rulers.

The Ezhimalas too ruled over an extensive area that covers the present Kannur and Wynad districts of North Kerala. However, the Cheras were the most conspicuous of the dynasties and founded a powerful kingdom in Kerala.

The first Chera ruler was Perumchottu Utiyan Cheralatan - a contemporary of the great Chola, King Karikalan. After suffering a humiliating defeat at the hands of the Chola ruler at the battle of Venni, he committed suicide.

His son, Imayavaramban Nedum Cheralatan, another important Chera ruler, succeeded him. During his long rule of 58 years, Imayavaramban Nedun Cheralatan consolidated the Chera Dynasty and extended its frontiers. He inflicted a crushing defeat on his sworn enemies, the Kadambas of Banavasi (see Uttar Kannad for details). Imayavaramban's reign is of special significance to the development of art and literature. Kannanar was his poet laureate.

However, the greatest Chera King was Kadalpirakottiya Vel Kelu Kuttuvan, who is also identified with the mythical hero of the Silappadigaram (The Jewelled Anklet). Silappadigaram is one of the three great Tamil epics of the Sangam Age. The other two are Manimegalai and Sivaga-Sindamani. The great Tamil poet, Paranar, refers to his military exploits including his famous victory at Mogur Mannan and Kongar. Kuttuvan was the proponent of the Patni (wife) cult. The cult emphasised the utter devotion of a wife towards her husband. He dedicated a temple at Vanchi to Kannagi (the female protagonist of Silappadigaram), and the present Kurumba Bhagavati Temple at Kodungallur (Cranganore) is modelled on it. Kannagi's devotion towards her husband was legendary. Recently, the Indian Government has instituted an award in her memory, which is given to the women.


Kalabhra Interregnum

After the Sangam Age, Kerala passed through a dark period that lasted four centuries. This era is known as the Kalabhra Interregnum'. At the end of the eighth centurya.d., South Indian kingdoms such as the Pallavas, the Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas and the Pandyas succeeded in overthrowing the Kalabhras.


Shankaracharya - The Great Theologian

It is a paradox that Buddhism disappeared (until its revival in recent years) from the land of its origin. One of the main reasons for this development was that a revived and reformed Hinduism began to emerge after the sixth century a.d.

In the eighth century, this reform movement was led by Adi Shankaracharya, whose position with respect to Hinduism is similar to that of St. Thomas Aquinas in the Roman Catholic Church. He travelled the length and breadth of India and got the better of many Buddhist missionaries in public discourses. Kalady, situated 25 kilometres northeast of Cochin, was the birthplace of Shankaracharya. A great philosopher and theologian, he propagated the advaita (monism) philosophy, which is also known as kevaladvaita (strict monism). Shankaracharya was also a great organiser. His missionary zeal was best exemplified in his establishment of four mathas (Hindu monastic establishments) in the four corners of the country. These are located at Sringeri in Karnataka, Dwarka in Gujarat, Puri in Orissa and Badrinath in Uttar Pradesh. Shankaracharya died at the young age of 32.


The Second Chera Empire

Just after the eclipse of the Kalbhras, the Second Chera Empire made its appearance in the annals of Kerala history. Mahodyapuram (modern Kodangallur) was its capital. It was founded by Kulasekhara Alvar (a.d. 800-820), one of the 12 Alvars. Alvars were Tamil saints who composed and sang hymns in praise of Vishnu (The Preserver in the Hindu Holy Trinity of Creator-Preserver-Destroyer). They were exponents of the Bhakti (devotional) cult in South India. The Alvars gave a great impetus to the Bhakti cult in South India between the seventh and the 10th centuries. Kulasekhara Alvar was a scholar and a great patron of the arts. He composed five dramas - the Perumal Tirumozhi in Tamil, and Mukundamala, Tapatisamvarna, Subhadradhamala and Vichchinnabhiseka - all in Sanskrit, which testify to his scholarship.


Rajasekhara Varman Rul (a.d. 820-44)

(succeeded Kulasekhara Alvar. He founded the Kollam Era' of Kerala, which began in a.d. 825. He is also reputed to have issued the Vazhappali Inscription, the first epigraphical record of the Chera Kingdom. Rajasekhara Varma was followed by Sthanu Ravi Varman (a.d. 844-55), a contemporary of the Chola King, Aditya I (a.d. 870-906).


The Tillaisthanam Inscription indicates that he was on friendly terms with the Chola monarch. His reign witnessed a flourishing trade between Kerala and China. This is borne out by the Arab merchant Sulaiman who visited India in a.d. 851. His first love was astronomy and Sankaranarayana, who composed the astronomical work Sankaranarayaniyam, adorned his court.

After Rajasekhara's death, hostilities broke out between the Cheras and the Cholas, which continued until the disintegration of the Chera Kingdom. The Pandyas of the Madurai also involved themselves in the conflict.

Rama Varma Kulasekhara (a.d. 1090-1102) was the last of the Chera Kings. He shifted his capital to Quilon when the Cholas sacked Mahodyapuram during his reign. His death signalled the atomisation of the Chera Empire, from the ruins of which arose the independent kingdom of Venad.


The Venad Kingdom

After the fall of the Kulasekharas, Venad emerged as an independent power. The kingdom reached its zenith under Udaya Marthanda Varma (1175-1195) and Ravi Varma Kulasekhara (1299-1314). An efficient ruler, Udaya Marthanda Varma was the architect of a brilliant administrative system for temples. The copper plates, which he issued during his rule, and which were called the Kollur Madham Plates and the Tiruvambadi Inscription of1183, testify to this fact.

Ravi Varma Kulasekhara was the most important ruler of the dynasty. He was a brave and active warrior. He brought peace and order to the strife-torn Pandya Empire, after Malik Kafur, lieutenant of the Delhi Sultan, Ala-ud-din Khilji (1296-1315), ravaged it. His reign saw the development of art and learning. A scholar and musician himself, he patronised intellectuals and poets during his tenure. The Sanskrit drama Pradyumnabhyudayam is ascribed to him. Trade and commerce also flourished during his rule and Quilon became a famous centre of business and enterprise.

After the death of Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, the history of the Venad Kingdom is not of special interest. The kingdom lingered on until the middle of the 18th century before it disintegrated.


Emergence of Calicut

During the medieval period, Calicut rose to prominence from the ashes of the mighty Kulasekhara Empire, in the northern part of Kerala. The Zamorins (literally Lord of the Sea) were the hereditary rulers of Calicut who traced their lineage to the old Perumal dynasty of Kerala. Calicut emerged as a major seaport during the reign of the Zamorins.

Trade with foreigners like the Chinese and Arabs was the main source of revenue for the Zamorins. But it was the Arabs who managed to establish stronger trade links with the rulers of Calicut. Art and culture flourished under the Zamorins who were great patrons of literature.

Accounts of travellers like Ibn Batuta (1342-47), Ma Huan, the Chinese scholar, Abdur Razzak (1443), Nicolo Conti (1444) and Athanasius Nikitin (1468-74) corroborate this fact. Not content with the size of their kingdom, the Zamorins set about expanding its boundaries. The powerful Zamorins conquered Beypore, Parappanad, Vettat, Kurumbranad, Nilambur, Manjeri, Malappuram, Kottakal and Ponnai. By the 15th century, clashes between Cochin and Calicut became increasingly frequent. The reigning Zamorin emerged as the undisputed monarch of the North Malabar area, extending up to Pantalayani Kollam.


The Europeans Arrive

The arrival of Vasco da Gama at Calicut in 1498, was a landmark event in the annals of history. At that time, Kerala was in the throes of political turmoil. Although the Portuguese did not enjoy cordial relations with the Zamorin, they succeeded in procuring some trading facilities at Quilon and Cannanore. But the Portuguese were intent on stopping the Arabs from trading with India.

Hostilities between Cochin and Calicut were exacerbated because the Raja of Cochin acted as a willing supporter of the Portuguese. However, the Zamorin faced a crushing defeat at the hands of the Portuguese when they laid siege on Cochin. The Portuguese gained permission to fortify Cochin and Cranganore in 1503 and 1504, respectively.

After Vasco da Gama, the most notable Portuguese to set foot on Indian soil, was Albuquerque. He managed to make peace with the Zamorin. A treaty was signed in 1513, which gave the Portuguese the right to construct a fort in Cochin and to carry on trade. However, the successors of Albuquerque were incompetent and corrupt. Naturally, that led to the decline of Portuguese power in Kerala.
The Portuguese had a strong impact on the educational and cultural life of the people of Kerala. The introduction of the printing press in Kerala can be counted as one of their biggest achievements. However, religious intolerance and bigotry marked their rule, leading to strife and disharmony among the local populace. This period also saw the revival of the Bhakti movement.


Trade Link With Dutch

Lured by the possibility of trade with India, the Dutch landed on the western coast. Various treaties signed in 1608 and 1610 ensured trading facilities for the Dutch. With the treaty of 1619, the Dutch joined hands with the British to eliminate competition from the Portuguese.

The Dutch were able to fortify and monopolise trade in the regions of Purakkad, Kayakulum, Quilon and Travancore by 1662. One of the most singular achievements of the Dutch contingent in India was the conquest of Cochin in 1663. The decline of the Dutch became inevitable with the unprecedented rise of Travancore under Marthanda Varma (1729-58) and the Mysore invasion. The Zamorin also succeeded in depriving the Dutch of Cochin, Cranganore, Parur and Trichur at one go. By 1759, curtains fell on the Dutch power in India.


Rise of Travancore

Travancore or Venad occupied centre stage in the political arena of Kerala around 18th century, thanks to the deeds of its two illustrious rulers, Marthanda Varma (1729-58) and Rama Varma, popularly known as Dharma Raja (1758-98). In his lifetime, Marthanda Varma successfully annexed the territories under the Dutch. Known as the Maker of Modern Travancore, Marthanda's tenure is a remarkable period in the history of Kerala.


Rama Varma ascended the throne and ably carried out the task of administration. Two distinguished ministers, Ayyappan Marthanda Pillai and Raja Kesava Das assisted him in administering the kingdom.Rama Varma had to bear the brunt of Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan's invasion. But Rama Varma's defence system withstood even the might of Tipu's forces.
Travancore was fortunate enough to be governed by many enlightened administrators like Velu Thampi, Rani Gouri Lakshmi Bai (1810-15), Gouri Parvati Bai (1815-29), Swati Tirunal (1829-47), Ayilyam Tirunal (1860-80), Sri Mulam Tirunal (1885-1924) who did much to see science, art and culture flourish in Travancore.


Mysore Invades Kerala

Haider Ali, the ruler of Mysore, turned his attention towards Kerala after subduing Bednore in 1763. The regions of Kolathiri, Kottayam, Kadathanad, Kurumbranad and Calicut came under the dominion of Haider Ali. Again in 1773, Haider Ali laid siege on Kerala and conquered Trichur after restoring his authority in Malabar. Haider's son, Tipu Sultan ascended the throne in 1782. Continuing in the footsteps of his illustrious father, Tipu managed to annex the entire South Malabar in 1783. Nevertheless, it was only in 1790 that he succeeded in breaching the Travancore Line.

But the beginning of the Third Mysore War spelt disaster for Tipu as, one after another, most of the kingdoms under Tipu surrendered to the British forces. With the signing of the Treaty of Serirangapatam in 1792, the last blow was dealt to Tipu's reign. According to the terms of the treaty, Tipu had to hand over Malabar to the British.


British Accession to Power

Like the other European powers, the British also came in as traders to India. By 1634-35, they had managed to gain permission to use all the Portuguese ports in Kerala from the Zamorin. The British fortified Calicut in 1664.In the years to follow, Travancore and Tellicherry also came under purview of the British.
But it was not all smooth sailing for the British. They had to face considerable opposition from the French and the Dutch. However, the British were successful in ousting other European powers such as the French and the Dutch, from their turf.

But the Keralites did not give in to the British without a whimper. Several revolts took place during the late 18th and early 19th century, which challenged British authority. Among them, the most important was the revolt of Velu Thampi and Paliath Achan who were Chief Ministers of Travancore and Cochin, respectively. Velu Thampi had led a popular uprising against the corruption and misrule of the king's advisers.

The dictatorial attitude and adverse policies of the British Resident raised his hackles too. He found an ally in Paliath Achan, the Dewan of Cochin who was also dissatisfied with British administration.The famous proclamation asking people to rise against the British was issued in 1809 by Velu Thampi. Though the revolt was crushed mercilessly, Thampi and Achan are still revered as great patriots who sacrificed their lives for the country.

With the Treaty of Serirangapatam in 1792, Malabar came under the sway of the British. Compared to the many achievements of Travancore and Cochin, progress made by Malabar was insignificant. Malabar was converted into a district of the Madras Presidency.
Around 1836-56, Malabar saw a lot of disturbances due to the Mappila Riots. It is still unclear whether the cause of the riots was religious fanaticism or agrarian grievances and poverty. However, the British forces repressed the rebellion quite ruthlessly.


The Growth of the National Movement

There was no dearth of patriotic fervour amongst the people of Kerala when India was going through the struggle for independence.Malabar was a centre of political agitation from the inception of the national movement. Many stalwarts of the Indian National Congress were from Malabar. The Non-Cooperation Movement and the Khilafat agitation found enthusiastic supporters in Malabar too. Mahatma Gandhi spearheaded the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and the Civil Disobedience movement of 1932. These popular uprisings found an echo in Malabar too. The Muslim League also had a branch here, though it became a force to reckon with only in 1934. Abdul Rahman Ali Raja of Cannanore became the President of the Muslim League in 1937. The Communist Party found a foothold in Kerala around 1939.

The winds of patriotism swept through the princely states of Travancore and Cochin during the freedom struggle.Travancore had a long history of popular uprisings, the earliest of which was led by Velu Thampi in 1799. The Malayali Memorial signed in 1891, which chronicled the grievances of the local populace, raised the political consciousness of the people. Likewise, the Ezhava Memorial of 1896 was a petition that spelt out the injustices the Ezhava community had suffered for a long time. The Indian National Congress established a Congress Committee in Thiruvananthapuram. Travancore remained in a state of political unrest for many years.

Cochin also remained in the eye of the storm for several years during the national movement. The people of Cochin participated in several uprisings like the Electricity agitation, the agitation for a responsible government, to name a few. A committee of the Indian National Congress was set up in Cochin too.

Kerala Backwaters

The Kerala backwaters are one of the most favoured tourist attractions. The calm and serene blue backwaters of Kerala provide with an unforgettable travel experience. 'God's Own Country', Kerala, has a very long and complex structure of this waterbody called backwaters. The state of Kerala is very green and vacation in the lap of this greenery can be best enjoyed cruising slowly across the backwaters on a houseboat or a canoe. The backwaters ride leaves a forever lasting impression in the minds of the visitor. The backwaters labyrinth is a structure in the form of lagoons, lakes and estuaries. The houseboats provide with all the comforts during your holidays in Kerala.


The Unique Water Structure

The labyrinth :
The blue backwaters of Kerala are formed by crisscrossings of the 44 rivers flowing across the state. A network of the canals, lakes, lagoons and deltas of these 44 rivers along with the sea water makes the Kerala backwaters. The main mode of transport on these backwaters is through houseboats. The complex backwaters stretch for as long as 1900 Km but only 900 Km of this is open for navigation.

Travel Highway :
The backwaters connects the remote villages and the cities of Kerala. The backwaters have been known to be existent centuries ago. It used to be the means of transport. Trading among the villages was done through the backwaters. Still it is the source of livelihood of many villagers. The fish caught from its waters, the paddy, coconut and other crops harvested along its banks, the boats they build and use to transport them across the complicated backwaters in Kerala, are all a part of their traditional way of life.

Ecology :
This amazing waterbody supports a very unique ecology. The water animals and birds are found in plenty around the water. The backwaters Many rare species of aquatic life including crabs, frogs and mudskippers, water birds such as terns, kingfishers, darters and cormorants, and animals such as otters and turtles are present here. The backwaters are surrounded by palm trees, pandanus shrubs, leafy plants and bushes, giving an enticing look.

Backwater Cruise

Backwater Cruise are quite popular amongst the tourists who come to India from all parts of the world. The cruise is held on Kettuvallams, which are nothing but large houseboats made up of wood. These houseboats sail along the shallow, palm fringed lakes and narrow canals. The boats have one or two rooms with a small sitting room. The number of crew member in these Kettuvallams are less. The food here is local Kerala cuisine and is served hot to its visitors.

Kerala backwater cruise is one of the fascinating ways of covering the vegetation and watching Kerala's life from the banks. For most of the journey. Kerala Boat Cruise is just a perfect way of being in a home away from home.


Kettuvallams

Kettuvallams are stitched boats which sails on the dynamic Kerala backwater. Kettuvallams of Kerala are giant country crafts, measuring up to 80 feet in length. The wood which is used in the construction of the Kettuvallams are 'Anhili'. They are traditional houseboat and are undoubeteldy the best way to experience the Kerala culture. The material which is used in the making of the Kettuvallams are local and eco friendly bamboo poles., coconut fiber roped, bamboo mats, coir carpets. etc.


Backwater Destination in Kerala

The Malayalam era called Kolla Varsham (or Kollam era) was established in 825 CE. Some historians attribute the founding of this era to King Udaya Marthanda Varma, King of Venad. Chingam is the first month of the Malayalam Calendar. "Onam", the harvest festival, is one of the most important festivals of Kerala, is celebrated during the month of Chingam. This comes during August or September of Gregorian Calendar. The last month of the calendar ie., Karikdakam, is celebrated as Ramayanamasam.

The Malayalam Calendar months are named after the constellations in which the Sun is seen during the period. Thus Chingam (from Simham or Lion) is named after the constellation Leo. Interestingly parts of central Kerala consider Medam as the start of the year cycle. The Vishu festival signifies the start of the new year comes generally in middle of April.

Thiruvananthapuram - The capital of Kerala.

Thiruvananthapuram is the southern most district of Kerala Its headquarter is Trivandrum (now officially known as Thiruvananthapuram-the capital of Kerala) It has an area -250 square Kilometers and a population about a million. Location.- South-western end of Indian peninsula. There are a lot of interesting things about this place other than the facts stated above. It is Trivandrum which nurtured Swathi Thirunal the great composer of Karnatic music and Raja Revivarma one of the world's most well known painters.

Raja Ravivarma is the artist who presented the Hindu mythological figures their faces, masculinity to the gods, beauty, costumes and ornaments to the goddesses. His paintings decorate not just the galleries of rich ones who are well known art collectors throughout the world. The mass produced copies of his famous works add beauty to the poor man's hut. Indians stand with folded hands before Ravi Varma paintings invoking gods in to their soul. Some of his original paintings are preserved in the Trivandrum art gallery.

Trivandrum can be considered as a blessed place as it got a chance to be ruled by god fearing progressive and ideal kings (the Travancore dynasty) for a considerable period of time. The Travancore dynasty which ruled Kerala just before India gaining its independence, voluntarily discarded its reign to the Indian union and did tremendous things for the progress of this state with all the resources they had. The dynasty's contribution before and even after it losing its power is remarkable remembered by the people even now. Most of the land marks which crown this beautiful city were previously owned by them.

Then king Sri. Chithira Thirunal who came to power on 1931 was responsible for historical changes by his reformist rules. One would feel it difficult to believe that during that time people belonging to lower castes were not allowed to enter in to temple As it was believed that they may pollute the sacred places!

There was social unrest against this sort of primitive rituals. Sri Ayyankali, Sri Narayana guru, Sri Mannathu Padmanabhan Sri Sahodaran Ayyappan etc, were leaders who led struggles for changes in the rules. Sri Chithira thirunal took the activists' demand in its proper sense and issued a royal proclamation allowing people to enter in to temples without any consideration to their caste. When the social set up prevailing in the state at that time, it was nothing less than a social revolution.

This drastic action from the king attracted the wrath of the orthodox communities. The benevolent but brave king stood firm in his stand and made the order implemented in letter and spirit. This proclamation is known as the "temple entry proclamation" it was in 1936, which is a land mark in the social events took place in Kerala.

Sri Chithira Thirunal was under tremendous pressure from the British rule under Mc Cauley, who wanted a greater say in Kerala's day today affairs. The king un ceremoniously surrendered his status symbols to the deity of Sri Padmanabha temple and continued to rule the state as a mere servant of his beloved deity. Instead of struggling for a king's powers with the British the king was busy in dealing with the problems of the state. He succeeded in transforming the state from a medieval and archaic state to a modern one. Many educational institutions including The Kerala university, big hospitals, roads water supply schemes etc are standing testimonies for the far sightedness of the dynasty.

Trivandrum is an educational hub one big medical college, Ayurveda college, dozens of Engineering and other technical institutions dot entire panorama of this city. Thiruvananthapuram is also a center of excellence for technology. The technopark at Kazhakootam is a beehive of information technological research and development. Here more than five thousand engineers are busy finding solutions to the problems of the world! The botanical institute (Tropical Botanical Garden of India) at Palode about thirty five kilometers from here is a center of excellence for biotechnology. There are several varieties of plants which had been rescued by the scientists of this institute from the verge of extinction. Their efforts have brought to light several varieties orchids which were previously not known to the world. The tissue culture techniques have helped to mass produce rare varieties to popular ones for the world to enjoy.

For a tourist there are numerous locations to visit. Trivandrum museum and zoo, planetarium, Veli lake (the largest backwater area in this district). The Kovalam beach, Sankhumugham beach, Neyyar dam and the crocodile park attached to it, Trivandrum art gallery etc. are rare sights no tourist can afford to miss. Trivandrum has a number of good hotels and restaurants.

The international airport at Shankumugham is just 10 kilometers away, from where flights to international locations are operated. Trivandrum is well connected to all parts of India both by road and rail. Road transport is mainly nationalised and operated by Kerala Road Transport Corporation(KSRTC). It- though a loss making one, performs its duty with some amount of success.

Trivandrum was lucky enough to play host to generations of good kings as rulers for a long time, whether its luck was repeated in hosting the present democratic regimes -which keep on coming and going in five year span- is anybody's guess. The luck of Trivandrum in this aspect is a case in which each and every people if Kerala has a stake. Let Trivandrum be lucky again and again. Sri Padmanabhan is there in the temple every thing will be right with Thiruvanathapuram (The Sri Padmanabha temple is a must see for any tourist as it has one of the most beautiful granite sculptures and a well preserved look)

. Good Luck dear tvm may thy chairs be blessed with righteous occupants..

Palakkad (Palghat) The land where the lord Siva's chariot rolls

Located between Thichur (Thrissur), Malappuram and Tamilnadu, Palakkadu has much in common with the neighboring state Tamilnadu. Sizable number of Tamil population and common border with Tamilnadu are definitely the main reasons behind the hybrid look that Palakkadu has, moreover Palakkad was part of the former Madras residency and joined kerala at the time states were regrouped based on languages.

Palakkad is 4480sq.km.in area and the population is about 0.15million. This district is subdivided in to five taluks and further in to 163 villages. The western- ghats which guards the eastern portion of Kerala has some gaps at the eastern portion of Palakkad and this geographical specialty enabled frequent human traffic across the border between the states of Kerala and Tamilnadu, thus both cultures got a chance to mingle with each other giving rise to the special features of this district.

Palakkad is fortunate enough to bear some of the most valuable personalities in Kerala history. The great bard who created the epic "Adhyatma Ramayana"- Sri Thujathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan is perhaps the first and the foremost among them. The Ramayana written in simple and pure Malayalam is even now read in each house. This holy book not only did carry the message of Lord Rama to the people of Kerala but made them speak and think in refined and pure Malayam all through Kerala, creating a sort of linguistic identity to the people of Kerala. The other Sri.Kunjan Nambiar, the grand father of Malayalam's satirists was born in Killikurisi Mangalam just ten kilometers from Palakkad. The great contribution of Kunjannambiar to Malayalam was his "Thullal Pattukal"(thullal for dance and pattukal songs). Kunjan Nambiar became an inmate in the royal palace of the Ambalapuzha(10 k.m. south of Alappuzha)dynasty. From a humble position of an instrument player he rose to the level of a well known poet . His satirical works often ridiculed even the pettiness of the king and members of the royal court. His stage performance was such a hit that it invited the jealousy of the performers other arts and the king had to ban the "thullal" performance in the compound of Ambalapuzha temple. Even now thullal is banned in that temple compound.

There is much for a tourist to see and enjoy in some of the most exclusive locations at affordable cost. The Parambikulam wild life sanctuary is a must see location, where the rare and endangered Nilgiri Tahr roam free. There are other wild animals in this area like bison and varieties of deers and birds. The Palakkad fort built by Hyder Ali the great conqueror from Mysore is still here to see. The old granite fort is in state of dilapidation. The Siruvani dam in the Kerala Tamilnadu border is an archaeological wonder. Silent Valley is in Palakkad .This is a virgin forest the existence of which was threatened when a hydro-electric dam was planned to construct in the river. The struggle for preservation of the forest was a very event- full one in the history of Kerala. Rather it was a victory of all who loved nature and wished to see it in its original and pristine state.. The "chariot festival" (known as retholsavam" held at Kalpathi Viswanatha temple is not just a great festival of Palakkad but one of the greatest events in the whole state of Kerala. It is a celebration of the whole people of this locality. The whole lot of relatives of the families -how far they are living- visit their ancestral family at palakkad to take part in the celebration. These celebrations take place during the month of November. There are many other temple festivals in this location. Manappullikavu Vela (vela is a demonstration of old war techniques. Where actors dressed in traditional war costumes fall in to two team and mimic use of swords and shield as if in a war, Pavakoothu (puppet play) held during March and April is a great crowd puller (in this play the puppets are dressed to resemble characters of local legends and perform the ritual with the accompaniment of instruments). Chinakathoor pooram etc. are just some of them.

Palakkad is well connected by rail and road. Shornur junction is a very important railway station where the rail way lines to Chinnai and Manglore bifurcates. Palghat is also a major railway station which is on the way between Kerala and Tamilnadu. The national highway no. 47 passes through Palakkad and is the trunk road which connects Kerala to Tamilnadu. The nearest airport is at Nedumpassery which is about a hundred kilometers. It is November and the wheels of the chariots at the Viswanatha temple at Kalpathi is about to roll! a golden chance no one can afford to miss. So be at Kalpathi don't just witness but take part in the great event that is retholsavam.

Kasaragod

Of the fourteen districts of Kerala, Kasaragod is the northern-most. In other words when counted from the capital of Kerala that is Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram) Kasaragode comes the last. Kasargode has an area of 1992 sq. kilometers and a population of about half a million. This district is divided in to two taluks- Kasaragod and Hosdurg. Kasaragod is further sub-divided in to 75 revenue villages, it has two municipalities-Kasaragod and Kanhangad. There are twelve rivers flowing through this district. Although small they are, the fertility and beauty they add to this region are immense. The land of Yakshagana, Theyyam and Bombeyattom definitely deserves one more blessing from god and it is that vacuum which is duly filled by a dozen rivers. .

Being placed nearer to the state of karnataka Kasaragod has a mixture of Malayali (people talking Malayalam) and kannadiga (people of Karntaka) population, This condition is quite fertile for the local politicians to play sectarian games by dividing people in to malayali and Kannadiga groups, especially at the time of elections. Un fortunately it so happens that a good number of people fall prey in to their games with ulterior motives. The distance from capital Trivandrum is also one of the reasons of being alienated from the state of Kerala. However in this time of technological revolutions, and distance losing its relevance, harpings on the note of distance also has to lose its relevance along with.

Kasaragod has a very old history of trade and relationships with distant places such as Arabia. There are evidences that between 9th and 14th century A. D. Arab sailors visited Kasargod and trade between these places flourished. Modern history starts with the rule of the Kolathiri dynasty with Nileshwar as its headquarters. Later the Vijayanagara Empire took over the place and headquarters was duly shifted to Bednoor. The dynasty thus came to be known as Bednoor naickans. It was in 1763 destiny in the shape of Hyderali arrived to this place. Hyderali came with an aim of conquering the whole of Kerala but on the way a defeat he faced while trying to capture the Thalassery fort made him realize the futility of his idea and he duly returned to Mysore. Like father like son. Tippu Sultan the son of Hyderali then came with ambitions fully loaded. But Tippu was more successful than his father. He ruled this land untill 1792 when in a treaty at Sriranga pattanam, Tippu had to surrender his dream baby that is Kerala to the British.

For a tourist there are much to see and enjoy in this land of rich culture. The Theyyam a ritual performed mainly in the temples, is centuries old. Theyyam a word transformed from the Malayalam word "daivam" for god is a dance in which artists clad in colorful dresses stand on frames of planks tied together and invoke holy-spirits in themselves and dance in a trance. Devotees see their favorite diety in the dancers and pray for blessings. This ritual is often performed during nights and done during festivals of certain temples. Bombeyattom (bombe meaning puppet and attom means dance) is a ritual rarely seen outside this area in this particular style. The puppets are made of wood and dressed in colorful attires which match the role assigned to them. Usually the characters are of local folk-lore and those from old Hindu mythologies. The puppets are controlled by artists who stand behind the curtain. intermittent briefing of the story and songs also accompany the play- local instruments are also lavishly played to add flavor to the performance. The artists and the spectators are the same and repetitions only add delight to the mutual relationships. The pulikali (tiger-play) performed in this locality is not as commercialized as the same in southern parts of Kerala. But the rustic beauty it offers is far more attractive and natural. A visit to kasaragod is never complete without seeing the Bekal fort which is undoubtedly the best preserved archaeological structure in Kerala and a must see location in the whole area.

The people of Kasaragod are a blend of both kerala and Kannada in ethnicity, language and culture. But it is a blessing that they have got the best of both worlds. Thrice blessed the people of this area are! And let them be so for eve

Kannur- The Land of Hand- looms and Martial arts.

Kannur which comes in the northern tip of Kerala was stage of major event that took place in the history of kerala . The rock-cut caves found near Thaliparambu points towards human habitations in this area since megalithic era. As per the available history fron 9th cenury AD The Chera dynasty were ruling this area and the most famous among them was the Kulasekhara Varma. Of late the Kolathiri dynasty were found to have established their superiority. The Kolathiri dynasty which had a love-hate relationship with the Zamorins of Calicut and there were frequent skirmishes between the two. At times both have colluded in confronting the misdeeds of the Portuguese. The Portuguese smart as they were succeeded on clinging in the region until they were cornered by the Dutch in February 1663. Their fort- (fort Angelos) was captured by the Dutch and another era was bourn- gradually the Kolathiri dynasty dis-integrated giving rise a vacuum that was filled by the French. They ( In 1725) captured Mayyazhi and renamed it as Mahe after one of their national hero. Then came the turn of Hyderali and later his son Tippu sultan. (the great conquerors from Mysore) to take central stage in the history of Malabar and both did it with panache. The army of the Sultans ruled the roost by transforming the entire political and religious land - scape of Malabar. The local chieftains were all migrating to far flung areas for fear of their lives. To an extend the repressed class got a relief as their oppressors fled for life. Conditions were rife for another strong man to enter as history allows no vacuum , it was the turn of the British to fill the vacuum. They came for trade but another "trade" more covetable- engaging in local politiking and becoming the rulers.

The above paragraph is only the history of Malabar in the centre of which comes Kannur.

Kannur is the land of Kalarippayattu (the local martial art which is supposed to be the mother of "karate" the well known Japanese form of martial art. The former word of karate "kara" means hand in Malayalam - Karate is a fight using hand. The well known schools teaching martial art are still found here and there in Malabar. Folklore Malabar are mostly of the heroes of martial arts who fought great wars some won some dead. The flexible weapon known as the "churika" was so deadly in the hand of an experienced user and at the same time that was suicidal for a novice. Thacholi Othenan, Aromal Chevakar, Unniyarcha etc are names very familiar with even to children of this area. Unniyarcha was a lady yet she fought great battles and secured foremost position in the list of heroes of martial arts of Malabar. Fighting war to an extend has become a habit of the people of this area and they still go on fighting (although fratricidal) between each other in the name of either politics or religion!

Kannur comes between Kasargode (the northern-most district) and Kozhikode also known as Calicut at the south. This district has a population of about two and a half lakhs (quarter of a million). Geographically Kannur can be divided in to three regions, the eastern part is hilly with substantial forest coverage. The middle portion is very fertile and well populated. The western part is comparatively narrow thickly populated and fishing is the main source of income.

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Malappuram - The land of Mamamkam

Malappuram is a young district formed on June 16th 1969 by the division of the erstwhile Kozhikode district. It is at the Calicut -Madras road located south of kozhikode and north of Palghat districts. Malappuram has an area of 3350 sq.kms. This district has two revenue divisions- Perinthalmanna and Tirur, six taluks Ernad, Nilampur, Perinthalmanna, Tirur, Thirurangadi and Pannani. Malappuram district has five municipalities, 135 villages 14 blocks and one hundred panchayats. The formation of this district done on 1969 was intended for the smooth functioning of the administration as the gigantic size of the erstwhile Calicut(Kozhikode) was not conductive to efficient governance. There was one more reason that Malappuram was a separate cultural entity and the distinction of that had to be nurtured separately. The existence of the great river bharatha puzha which has witnessed much historical events going on it's vast sand banks is it self in a state of dilapidation, And urgent care if the river should be there for the coming generation to behold it.

The ritual blood-bath by name Mamankam is a aberration in the history of kerala which gererally had a very peaceful type of co- existance. When the mighty zamorins (Samoothiri) ruled the northern part of kerala there where rebels here and there as it is in the case of every kings. It was ritual for the zamorin to visit the vast plains of Bharathapuzha at Thirunavaya with all his militia well equipped to counter any sort of attacks from any corner. And as the ritual progressed there will the group of youngmen born to die doing the job - assaulting the king. Whether they achieve their goal is a foregone conclusion as they were far out-numbered by the army of the mighty emperor, but these young men wre born to fight and die in the middle of millions of spectators who were assembled to witness the drama..

For a tourist there are a lot of places of interest. The rustic beauty of the place is perhaps the most important one. There are dense forests in the hilly eastern parts of the district. The great river that glides through the plains and the vast sand banks sorrounding it. Malappuram was ruled by Tippu sultan and the ruins of the fort built by Tippu is still there to seen The shiva temple at Thirunavaya, Kadampuzha Bhagavathi temple- which is just three k.m. north of Vettichira on the national high-way no.17.This temple was established by Jagad-guru Shankaracharya. Having a sizable number of Muslim population there are some Muslim pilgrim centers also available. The Mumburam shrine, Valiya Juma masjid. Pazhayangadi mosque at Kondotti, are just some of them. The Kottakunnu Shiva temple built by Zamorins also a place of tourist attraction.

Malppuram has seen scores of rulers of diffirent hues. Zamorins. Tippu, the British are just some of them. The Tippu sultan invaded and ruled thes land for a certain amount of time Later the British gained control of the land and the administrative blocks they built and the battery for the British army etc. are still in good shape . These batteries were used by the Malabar special police (M.S.P) . The MSP were used to suppress the rebellion that occured in the Malabar area - known as the Mopla lehala . The Mopla rebellion had all similarities of a freedom struggle, even though it was localised and detached from the main-stream freedom struggle. The great wagon tragedy is a part of the struggle in which around fifty freedom fighters were crammed in to wagon and took to jail-a journey too long for the occupants and when destination reached there were few survivors! All perished by suffocation.

Leaving history to rest let us see what is the shape of the modern Malappuram, which is very entirely a different picture very affluent very busines like and very hospitable. There are a considerable percentage of non-resedent keralites who earn petrodollars in the gulf countries and send lavish remittances to their home this money has a spill over effect which benefits each and everybody. Every nook and cranny of this place tell the same story A story of Malappuram is not complete witout a mention of Kottackal Arya Vaidya Sala which is very traditional ayurvedic centre which caters to the entire nations need for traditional ayurvedic medicines. They have very large gardens for medicinal plants and a lot of pharmacies which are known for their adherence to old values. Kottakkal has grown to a very large organisation and medicines are sold all over the world. The traditional treatments available there have a very long clientele. And in the field of charity also they are fore-runners.As long as there is Arya vaidya sala in Kottakkal Malappuram shall never be ill !!!!

Alappuzha - The Venice of the East

Alappuzha - formerly known as Alleppey is one of the 14 districts of the state of Kerala coming 4th from the southern tip - that is Trivandrum. Alappuzha is the oldest town in Kerala with rich history .Alappuzha had trade relation ship with Greece and Rome in ancient times. The present town was built by Sri Raja Kesavadasan.about two centuries back. The remnants of the old structures are still visible through out the town. The old dilapidated pier and rail tracks once beehive of activity is still here as a feast to the beholder who has some interest in history. A stump of the old flag-mast is there with it's upper portion lying beneath in pieces silently murmuring centuries old stories it has to tell. Alappuzha was once called the Venice of the east because of the glamour it had from heightened commercial activities which were carried through the waterways.

On the design front this town is a marvel. The two canals which forms the back bone of the town has parallel to the canal with sufficient inter links enables transport through water and roads at the economical way. The backwaters which borders the eastern portion of the town facilitated transport through water with various parts of Kerala. The boats which carried out these activities are still here busy playing various roles. The Snake boats (chundan vallams) which were the war horses of the past carrieng soldiers for war are now being used for boat races. Processing of coir was and still is the main industry of this town. At present most of the coir factories are defunct.

Of late Alappuzha has emerged as a major tourist spot. The backwaters are spotted with numerous houseboats (Kettu vallams) which are provided with all modern amenities beckon tourists by offering them days and nights in the midst of the vast expanses of backwaters with exclusive cuisines. Numerous resorts which have also sprung up throughout the town offer accommodation at affordable rates. In Alappuzha every location is identified with the nearby bridge, simply get in to an autorikshaw(a three wheeled contraption which is ubiquitous and say go to iron bridge or YMCA bridge or triple bridge(muppalam) or any such bridge-There are about 15 bridges in this small town- so locating a place is easy.

Alappuzha is well known for it's peoples' revolutionary past during the independence struggle people of Alappuzha fought vigorously under the leader ship of late T.V Thomas Against the rulers-that struggle is known as the Punnapra Vayalar revelution. Thousands of people lost their life but Sir.C.P.Ramaswany Iyyer the then ruler had to resign from his Dewanship People of Alappuzha are well known for their awareness of their rights especially the laborers. They are so organized that entrepreneurs find it almost impossible to manage. The work culture deserves much! And that is the only concern.

Alappuzha is waking up to regain its past glory. The canals crisscrossing the town which were once rotten to the extreme, have been cleaned up and beautified. It seems that the time of an idea has come- an idea that Alappuzha is waking up to occupy it's rightful place in the state What a sweet idea lets look forward to the day when this finally becomes a reality.!!!!!!

Ernakulam / Kochi - The Queen of Arabian Sea

Ernakulam forms a part of the greater kochi corporation which was recently formed joining the adjacent parts of the old Kochi and Ernakulam. Ernakulam is the commercial capital of Kerala. Almost two third of the sales tax is being contributed by Kochi itself is the proof for it's business magnitude.

Kochi has much more than it's glitter as a business centre. The rich history of this town is unparalleled. Kochi was ruled by the Dutch, the British and generations of local kings. Each of the rulers have contributed tremendously to the culture and landscape in their own way making this town a collage of diverse cultures. The Chinese nets, still widely used for fishing in the backwaters around Kochi illustrate a centuries old link between India and China. History states that there were numerous Jewish settlements in Kerala. The Jew street in Kochi and the Synagogue beside are sentinels of the bygone era when Jews flocked to this land to escape from religious persecution and found their abode here. Later when Israel was formed most of the Jews migrated to their place of origin. Till now most of the people left communicates their old neighbors with love and affection.

People of Kochi can never forget an English man Mr. Robert Bristow -The great visionary who built the Willington Island Up from the back waters. A multi beneficial deal , first they got an island afresh then the back waters got deepened so that big ships could visit the harbor adding prosperity and development to the region. The two bridges connecting the island from main land are also of relevance Thoppumpady and Venduruthy - centuries old still intact.

Kochi has many more reminders of bygone era The Bolgatty Island with the magnificent palace built by the Dutch during their short spell of reign has a good golf course also. Parikshith Museum and Hill Palace Museum at Thripunithura are reminders of the former Kings and their contributions to the civilization of this piece of land. About five kilometers north of Ernakulam there is the Kerala Historical Museum-a well maintained one where centuries stand frozen before the viewers.

Kochi is a very modern city with palatial shopping malls with very wide selection, (shop till you drop-as they tell in the adds) expensive restaurants and innumerable sky scrappers with residential and business facilities. The streets are crowded with expensive cabs and buses. There are two railway stations Ernakulam Jn. and Ernakulam town. Ernakulam Junction is the busiest one in Kerala and trains to all destinations are available here. There are two Air ports one in the Willington Island and the other one is at Nedumpassery known as the Cochin International Airport. The airport at the island is exclusively for the Naval force who have a large base at the island.

Want to celebrate any festival just go to Kochi wander in the crowded streets fill your mind , then shop till you drop fill your baggage, then go to any eatery select any cuisine fill your stomach -happy celebration of any festival - whether Onam , Christmas or Ramadan.!!!! Happy shopping !!!!!

Like most cities in India, Kochi has a very long and illustrious history. But, the origin of the name is still shrouded in mystery. Many theories exist, but none are strong enough to be conclusive. Some historians believe that Kochi is a modified form of the word 'Cochazhi' which in Malayalam means 'small sea'. Others are of the opinion that 'Kochi' was named so by the Chinese. According to them, traders from the court of the Chinese ruler Kublai Khan, gave Kochi the name of their homeland. The peculiar Chinese fishing nets found here, the only place outside China where it has been spotted, can possibly be attributed to the heavy Chinese influence the city has had in the past. Still another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word 'Kaci' meaning 'harbour'.

Kochi earned a significant position on the world trading routes after the world famous port at Kodugallur (Cranganore) was destroyed by massive flooding of the river Periyar in 1340 AD. Records show that Kodugallur (Cranganore) was known to the Arabs and Chinese traders for centuries. After the Kodugallur port was destroyed, the forces of nature created a natural harbour at the nearby city - Kochi. Kochi started to grow and soon developed into a major trading point dealing in pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, etc., which were and still are famous for their quality.

The Arabs, British, Chinese, Dutch, Italians and Portuguese helped Kochi emerge as a bustling centre of commercial activity, connecting the mainland to the rest of the world. Kochi owes a lot to great travellers, scholars and traders like Fa Hien, Vasco da Gama, Sir Robert Bristow, etc. to her growth and prosperity. The English called Kochi 'Mini England', the Dutch called it 'Homely Holland' and the Portuguese called it 'Little Lisbon' highlighting Kochi's prominence. Italian traveller Nicolas Conti wrote in his travelogue: "China is where you make your money, then Cochin is surely the place to spend it."

Over the centuries, the princely state of Kochi came under numerous empires. Over time, the original local rulers were controlled by the Portuguese, Dutch , British and even the Zamorin of Kozhikode (Calicut). Around 1530 AD, under the Portuguese, Kochi grew into a prosperous town. The ruler of Kochi gave the Portuguese permission to build a fort at Kochi called 'Manuel Kotta' (Fort Emmanuel) - which is the first European fort in Kochi.

The Dutch invasion began around 1653 and by 1663 they emerged victorious over the Portuguese. The Dutch then built Fort Williams here. The Dutch were defeated by the great rulers of Mysore - Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Finally, when the whole nation lost to the British, Kochi too became a part of the British empire in 1814. The magnificent forts built here were destroyed by the British. Under the supervision of Sir Robert Bristow, Kochi was developed into a major harbour and Willingdon Island was created. Willingdon Island now accommodates the Cochin Port, Naval Airport and the headquarters of the Southern Naval Command apart from a host of other trading and commercial establishments.

After India became independent in 1947, the state of Kerala was formed in 1956 by the unification of provinces Kochi, Malabar and Travancore. The Corporation of Kochi was formed in 1967 by the merger of the towns - Fort Kochi, Mattanchery, Ernakulam and many nearby villages. Growth in trade and commercialisation has led to the rise of Kochi as the most important city in Kerala and one of the major cities on the west coast of India.

Idukki - the power-house of kerala

Idukki is for Kerala like battery for a vehicle. When Idukki sneezes whole Kerala catches Cold. About 60% of the power consumed by the state comes from that District. Idukki is one of the least urbanized districts of Kerala.as about 50% of the land comes under reserved forests. Tall hills dense forests presence of substantial percentage of indigenous tribes etc adds charm to this place. The fertile soil and huge manpower requirement for the construction of the huge dam attracted large number of people from Kerala as well as neighboring states to this district - to a great extent destroying the natural charm and culture of this district. Now tribal population is a shrinking lot. Their old culture and living conditions have reduced to mere laughing stock.

As mentioned first Idukki is certainly the power house of Kerala. The presence of three huge dams at the river "Periyar"- meaning big river, supplies more than sixty percent of the power required by the entire state. Periyar flows through a narrow gorge between two tall hills (known as kuravan and kurathi).Kuravan means a tribal and Kutathi his spouse. These two hills have been joined to form the biggest dam in the state which is five hundred and fifty feet in height and six hundred and fifty feet in width. Idukki- which is not just the largest dam in this state, but it is also Asia's largest arch dam. In the adjacent areas of the main dam two more dams have been constructed one at Cheruthoni and the other one at Kulamavu. They together form a big artificial lake, several feet above sea-level. This lake offers boating facility to the tourists-who flock to this place in large numbers to enjoy the natural beauty of this place.

The district of Idukki was formed in January-26 1972 by dividing Kottayam separating three talukas mainly Udumpanchola Devikolam and Peermade. Idukki forms about 12.9% of Kerala's land area but inhabited by about 3.7% of the state's population. The hilly terrain and dense forests is haven to a large number of wild life like Indian elephants, wild boars, sambar-deer , giant squirrel etc. the vegetation also is rich like teak, ebony sandal wood etc. There are about 12000 tribal families in this district, who live in pitiable condition not benefiting from the developmental activities going around them. Illiteracy and alcoholism to penury and they are being exploited by the anti socials. The lack of social activist with a national vision is one of the main problems, and this vacuum is filled by narcotics mafia extremists and looters of the forest wealth. The innocent tribals are drugged, their personal land robbed and their women folks are molested.

. What a contradiction when Idukki spreads light through out a state it's own original children live in utter darkness, living in far flung inaccessible areas. Their once rich culture robbed , sidelined and subjected to all sorts of exploitations and cruelties. Lead kindly light!! Amidst the encircling gloom..

Trichur / Thrissur - The cultural capital of Kerala.

Trichur , recently renamed as Thrissur- is at the middle of the state of Kerala. This district which is undoubtedly the capital of Kerala's culture, has an area of about 3032 sq..kilometres and has a population of about three million. It is from Thrissur to north wards the area known as Malabar begins. Malabar is well known for it's rustic beauty and straight forward people. They are well known for their trust worthiness.

The title cultural capital was attributed to this district not because of the reason that the Academy for Kerala's music and drama and Kerala Kalamadalam(The institute for teaching " kathakali" Kerala's most well known form of art).This institute was established by Sri.Vallathol Narayana Menon, -the famous poet of kerala).The long history of nurturing traditional arts is in the vein of each and every residents of this district. The active participation of every spectator when "pancha vadya (orchestra of five instruments) is played is a standing testimony of the love the residents have to this sort of old performing arts. Here religion caste creed are no bar. Among the crowd there devout Christians who cherish every ascends and descends of the orchestra which is traditionally played in temple compounds. The Christians are of very aristocratic origin and well known connoisseurs of traditional arts.

Pooram the grand temple festival of Thrissur is no doubt the mother all festivals. It is rather an emotion of all the people residing around this region. Celebrated during April -May all the eyes are focused in to the middle of the town -the big round formerly known as the Thekkinkadu maidanam. In this compound is located the famous shiva tempe known as Vadakkun-Natha-Temple, where all the deities of the surrounding temples especially from Paramekkavu and Thiruvampady arrive in pomps and style accompanied by numerous artists, dozens of elephants and thousands of devotees such numerous processions assemble in a single vast areas and playing panchavadya at its peek elephants all in exquisite caparisons is a sight which words can seldom explain it is to be seen to be believed. In the inside compound of the temple where there is a large tree (elanji) under which the climax of the orchestra is played when spectators joy reach in feverish pitch they hold their hands up counting every beat with their fingers radiating their thrill to the people all around. Kuda matton where thousands of umbrellas of different colors and designs are displayed as mahouts and priests of temple mounted on big and glamorous elephants with accompaniment of the cheering crowd. Fire works is also a very important item in the festival. As the scale used in thrissur festivals is massive this pyrotechnics also in gargantuan proportions.

There are other big temples in Thrissur The Guruvayur is one of the biggest temples in Kerala with a long history Koodalmanikkyam is in Manavalassery village in Irinjalakkuda very near to Thris ur. The nearest airport in Nedumpassery and Thrissur is well connected by train. National highway No.17 passes through Thrissur and is well connected to Tamilnadu by good roads via palghat.

Any one who is lookin for a celebration that to last in his mind and soul has not bother of this and that simply go to thrissur during pooram(during April-May) stay there enjoy all the treats offered by pooram and return home . He will never be disappointed!

Kollam / Quilon - The city of Cashew

Kollam is the second district from southern end of Kerala with a very old history spanning centuries. Ibn Batuta the famous travelogue writer of the fourteenth century has described Kollam as one of the five ports he has seen in his twenty four year journey.

Kollam has witnessed all the European occupations. First it was the turn of the Portuguese then came the Dutch and finally the British. The British rule was rather prolonged it during their time much of the development activities have taken place. They built numerous churches and schools and colleges under them. Most of the cashew factories tile factories and tea plantations all were established under the British rule. The glitter of the erstwhile Kollam town was such that there were a saying in Kerala at that time "those who have seen Kollam leaves his home for ever"- kollam kandavanillam venda- means the spectator gets mesmerized by the glamour of the town that he doesn't returns to his home.

Kollam has a proud history of fighting against the foreign occupants The history of Sri Velu Thambi Delava Who was the local chieftain who fought a war against the British until his death is still fresh in the memory of the natives It was Veluthambi who gave a face lift to the old Kollam town by building bazaars and inviting traders from Madras and Thirunelveli for the development of trade of this town.

Kollam district has an area of 2491sq.k.Mtrs.It is sub-divided in to five taluks and 104 villages. The population is 2.5 millions. All the main religions almost equally are present. The sizable Anglo -Indian population at Thankassery is a peculiarity. The Neendakara fishing harbor is a beehive of activity where thousands of fishing boats find it difficult to find place to berth. Here trade of fish runs in to billions. No one can avoid cashew industry when Kollam is subjected for discussion. Cashew processing factories are so much woven in to the life of kollam that a sizable population find their daily bread from it. The historical labor strikes taken place has ascended many ordinary labor-leaders in to national figures.

Kollam has a lot of destination to the interest of a tourist. The vast back waters dotted with house-boats offer affordable luxury .Centuries old chain bridge at Punalur, the light house at Thankassery , the ashramam (monastery) at Shivagiri , Varkala beach and Amritapuri near Kayamkulam -the abode of Mata Amritananda mayi who is considered as a divine lady and has admirers all around the world. These are only some of the specialties of this district. The Ashramam at Shivagiri merits special mention It is here the great social reformer of Kerala Sri.Narayana guru was laid to rest. People of Kerala consider this place as sacred and they conduct yearly pilgrimage to this place clad in yellow dress. Sri.Narayana guru was no ordinary monk , he fought ideologically against the social evils existed in kerala at that time and did much to the upliftment of the down-trodden.

Kollam well connected by road and rail. It the only place in Kerala where the archaic metre gauge rail is running smoothly doing it's duty forgetting centuries those are gone by. This railway is a tourist attraction , which passes through mountainous terrain and deep forests enabling the traveler to enjoy the scenic beauty at a very inexpensive way.

A traveler can miss many of the costly locations considering budget, but not this train journey from Kollam to Madurai, but not this journey. because it is compulsory!!!!

Kottayam -The Land of Letters

Well known as the land of letters and fore runner in rubber cultivation, Kottayam lies Locked between western-ghats on the east and the vast vembanad lake at the west. Kottayam is a beautiful place full of ascends and descends. Lush green forests ubiquitous rubber estates, tea and coffee plantations, educated and illustrious people all these features give Kottayam, its characteristic uniqueness. It is here English education started in south India for the first time at 1813. The first printing press started here- CMS Press in 1821. The maiden English-Malayalam-Malayalam-English dictionary was published from this place. These are not mere coincidences. Those who know the people of this place will admit without any hesitation that residents of this town are innovative, and early birds in every field.

It is the people of Kottayam who recognized the value of education for the first time in India, figuratively speaking-Kottayam was awake when rest of India was fast asleep! The advent of Christianity was the clarion call for kerala's modern education. The smart and educated ladies hailing from this place migrated not only to the rest of India but also to every nook and cranny of the whole world and gained good jobs as doctors, nurses, teachers and almost all sorts of careers where women from other places feared to tread.

. In the population of Kottyam, expatriate-families form sizable number. And the remittances they send, contributes much to the kitty of the families living here. The recent "gulf boom" was also well capitalized by the people of this place, and they are there doing decent jobs, earning well and living in luxury. The economy of Kottayam is heavily dependent on this remittance- money and perhaps the remittances out weigh the earnings from rubber which easily claimed as the juvenile of Kottayam's financial set-up.

When people of Kerala wholly depended on traditional agriculture like paddy and tapioca the residents of Kottayam turned to rubber and cocoa, and capitalized on the high returns on their investments. At a time when traditional farmers find living out of farming income a losing proposition and commit suicide as re-payment of bank- loans become imminent- their timely shift to rubber proved to be a fore-sight that fetched them virtually a gold-mine. Then came the vanilla cultivation as a great opportunity, Kottayam was the first to grab it there are farmers who fetched thousands of rupees for a kilogram of vanilla bean!

Institutions for giving special skill educations for students who have an eye to grab the early bird advantage in anything are dime a dozen at Kottayam, spoken -English, fluenzy-course, laboratory-technician course medical entrance examination coaching etc. are booming business here. Printing and publishing is the business which actually earned the title "the land of letters" to this town. The largest selling news-paper "The Malayala Manorama" started publication from here and numerous books, periodicals, teaching aids etc. are being published from here. Kottayam can be called as land of letters in its true littoral sense also as it was this town which attained the status of 100% literacy in Kerala.for the first time.Kottayam is well connected with road and rail with rest of India. It is the gate way to the tourists who visit Peermedu and Munnar which are tourist attractions. Pilgrims of the famous temple at Sabarimala also alight here and prepare for the journey.

All said and done Kottayam has the nose to smell money whether education agriculture industry (mainly based on rubber-wood) or whatever it be Kottayam can make money out of it. Kottayam will spend the money judiciously live a life of luxury. Any doubt?...just pay visit to this town and feel the difference.

Kozhikode / Calicut - The capital of Malabar

On 1956 The Government of India reorganized its states on linguistic basis, In that process, The Malabar region in the northern part of erst-while Kochi came under Kerala state. Kozhikode , known also as Calicut was the capital of the newly added region. Malabar being so large an area , was further divided in to three districts Malappuram formed by the southern part and Vayanad was formed by the eastern portion. kozhikode district has an area of 2344 sq. kms. population of about 850, 000. Kozhikode is sub-divided in to five taluks (vadakara, Koyilandy, Kozhikode, Eranad and Tirur) It has a sea shore of 80 KMs which is acclaimed for the rich catch of fish for which whole Malabar is famous for.

Kozhikode will always be remembered as the landing place of the well known sailor Vasco Da Gama, who happens to be the first westerner visited India first through the sea route. It was The Gama who laid foundation for centuries old western rule that has changed the course of history of India - that was in 1498 at Kappad beach! The visit of Vasco Da Gama was not just a sight seeing tour it was intended to break the monopoly of the Arabs who so far enjoyed hefty profits by transporting the produces of Malabar and selling it to the western countries. Gama succeeded in gaining a foot-hold in Malabar by pleasing the king of Malabar the erstwhile Zamorins(Samoothiripad). The rest is history.

Population of Kozhikode has a cosmopolitan appeal. Hindus forms the majority followed by Muslims and Christians. The city of Kozhikode is well known for its friendly auto-rikshaw drvers who are very just in charging the commuters and never fleece them. People of Malabar are generally known for their simplicity and straight forward ness, Kozhikode in particular is blessed with such good behavior patterns.

People of Malabar enjoy celebrations of all sorts. Wedding ceremonies of the native muslims are never complete without the Mopla songs and dances (The native muslims are known as Moplas) in which the bride is seated in the middle and surrounded by color-fully dressed young girls who sing and go round and round while dancing. The art has gained great popularity all around Kerala. The Theyyam and Thira rituals performed in the temples here are feasts for the eye of any one who love traditions and customs which have been here for generation.

Since 1992 the district tourism promotion council conducts a grand festival in every year by name "Malabar Mahotsavam" In which all the traditional arts which have roots in Malabar region are performed by the masters of that particular art this festival is a must see to every tourist who visits kerala. The Peruvannamoozhi bird sanctuary, Lokanar kavu -temple, Payamkutty mala Thusharagiri are some of the tourist attractions of this district.

Kozhikode well connected with and road and rail. The air port of Kozhikode is at Malappuram. There is a view that the old values of Malabar is undergoing a sea change as the gulf remittances have made people and they are becoming like rich people elsewhere in the world. Whether rich or poor a Malabari is a Malabari! He can never get tired of loving his neighbor. And as long as there are the Nila river the Kallayi rivulet keep flowing their heart will never cease to love. Wishing Kozhikode a prosperous social life that never stop loving. Your own changayi .

Wayanad - " The land of spice and hills"

Wayand is the last abode of nature in the almost fully urbanized state of Kerala. Situated at the north-eastern part of kerala state whole of Wayanad is hilly and remote barring certain town ships. This district is sub divided in to three taluks. Vythiri, Mananthavady and Sulthanbattery.

Wayanad has an area of 2126sq.kms and a population of eight lakhs (eight hundred thousands). As considerable portion of the district being forests. Population of this land consists of a number of tribals who lead a life of penury. Haunted by illiteracy and superstitions they are a most exploited lot. The hefty amounts the state spend from its kitty go waste as corrupt bureaucracy form lesion with government contractors and squander the allocated money for their whims and fancy. The government officials posted to help the tribals often do just the reverse as there are innumerable cases of these officials molesting tribal women with impunity giving them false promises of marriage and leaving them to the cruel fate. There are cases of officials drugging tribals and get stamp papers signed to snatch away their meager land holdings. Lack of activists with a national vision is the real problem this vacuum is being filled by extremists who lead the innocent tribals to commit crime worsening their already filled cup of woes;

Wayanad has a rich history. There are proofs that human inhabitations existed here about centuries earlier than Christ. The inscriptions of the cave Edakkal at ambalavayal about 25kms From Kalpetta are still riddles before the archeologists.
Recorded history exists only from 18th century Wayanad was ruled by the Pazhashi Rajas of Kottayam dynasty Later Hyderali invaded wayanad and captured it the kingdom by succession came to Tippusultan who also was a great conqueror. Then came the British , In a truce between Tippu and the British signed at Sri ranga Pattanam wayanad was handed over to the British. The great guerilla war the late Pazhassi king fought against the British is a very thrilling portion of Kerala history. However it was the British who improved the condition of this piece of land. They built good roads between wayanad , Kozhikode and Thalassery and this road was further extended to Ooty and Mysore. Thus under their expertise changed the entire topography by establishing numerous tea, coffee, cardamom plantations which gave modern job opportunities to the people. Many schools and churches were also built for their own as well as the convenience of the people.

Wayanad is a paradise as well as tourist is concerned. There are ever so many destination for them to visit. virgin forests give a dreamy background to the destinations here. Chambra peak is the tallest mountain here is a favorite place for trekkers .the tourism department offers all amenities like place to stay etc. for the trekkers. The edakkal cave where centuries old inscriptions are recorded is a place for those who have nose for archeology. This cave is 96 feet in length and 22feet in width. Kurava dweep (kurava islands) is perhaps the most enchanting place. It is cluster of islets in one of tributaries of the Kabani River. The islets are filled with lush evergreen forests and abode of a lot exclusive birds which alone are the only breakers of the silence engulfing the serene place which are uninhabited. Muthanga wildlife sanctuary, Soochipara water falls, Pakshi pathalam Sentinel rock waterfalls etc are very important tourist attractions. Thirunelli temple is a will known pilgrim centre in wayanad.

wayanad is a tribal's own country and any tourist who has a respect for old values will naturally respect the fact that tribals though impoverished at present are the owners of a rich culture and are the original inhabitants of this land. They have no where else to go once their land is alienated and divested of the rich forest that is the abode of his everything. Visitor has a duty to respect his old traditions he can only see and feel but has to leave it un touched. Any spark can create a wild fire that may destroy the immense wealth nature has bestowed to this heaven. Let the forest live for ever. Let the tribal feel he is rich a visitor is his admirer.

CLIMATE

Wayanad has a salubrious climate. The mean average rain fall in this district is 2322 m.m. Lakkidi, Vythiri and Meppadi are the high rainfall areas in Wayanad. Annual rain fall in these high rain fall areas ranges from 3, 000 to 4, 000m.m. High velocity winds are common during the south west monsoon and dry winds blow in March-April. High altitude regions experience severe cold. In Wayanad (Ambalavayal) the mean maximum and minimum temperature for the last five years were 29oC and 18oC respectively. This place experiences a high relative humidity which goes even up to 95 per cent during the south west monsoon period. Generally, the year is classifed into four seasons, namely, cold weather (December-February), hot weather (March-May), south west monsoon (June-September) and north east monsoon(October-November). The dale, 'Lakkidi', nestled among the hills of Vythiri taluk has the highest average rainfall in Kerala. The average rain fall in Wayanad is 300mm. per year. There is a decreasing trend in rainfall in this area. The average rainfall data shows that the lowest rain fall received from north east monsson, is in Wayanad district.

AGRICULTURE

This high altitude district is characterised by the cultivation of perennial plantation crops and spices. The major plantation crops include coffee, tea, pepper, cardamom and rubber. Coffee based farming system is a notable feature of Wayanad. Coffee is grown both as pure crop and as mixed crop along with pepper. Pepper is grown largely along with coffee in the north eastern parts of the district, especially in Pulpally and Mullankolly areas. Coffee in Wayanad (66, 999 ha.) shares 33.65 per cent of the total cropped area in the district and 78 per cent of the coffee area in the state. Other major crops are rubber(63, 015 ha.), coconut(59, 452 ha.), cardamom (38, 348 ha.), tea (31, 792 ha.) cassava and ginger. A recent increase in the area under coconut cultivation is noticed in the lower elevations. Paddy is cultivated in 22, 772 hectares of land. The rice fields of Wayanad are in the valleys formed by hillocks and in majority of paddy lands, only a single crop is harvested. Ginger cultivation in Wayanad has also substantially increased in recent times and the ginger produced is mainly marketed in the form of green ginger. Homestead farming assumes importance in this district. The average size of holdings are 0.68 ha. A variety of crops including annuals and perennials are grown in these small holdings. The crops include coconut, arecanut, pepper, vegetables, tuber crops, drumstick, papaya, etc. and fruit trees like mango and jack. The crop patterns/crop combinations prevelant in this district are not based on any scientific norms. Therefore scientific cropping patterns suitable for the agro-ecological situation is to be recommended.

Marketing of Agriculture Produce

The marketing of coffee was fully regulated by the Coffee Board till 1992 and the entire coffee grown in the district had to be pooled to the Board.But in the Coffee Policy of 1995 - 96 , the Government exempted small scale growers possessing land less than 10 hectares from the obligation of pooling.Those growers with more than 10 hectares of coffee plantation were obliged to provide 60 percent of their produces to the Coffee Board.But Government of India recently announced the abolition of the pooling system for coffee altogether from 14th September 1996 and coffee growers are now free to market either in the domestic market or export.

Pepper is marketed mainly as dried berries. The different agencies engaged in the marketing of the produce are hill produce merchants , marketing socities, commission agents and exporters.Being an export oriented commodity, pepper prices show frequent fluctuations depending on the international prices prevailing for the commodity from timt to time.Ginger is mainly marketed as green ginger.Cardamom is sold at auction centres.The traders are licensed by the Spices Board and they participate in the different marketing centers for auction.Rubber is a controled commodityand is mainly marketed in the form of smoked rubber sheets.A large number of private dealers as well as the primary rubber marketing societies under the Rubber Marketing Federation , operate at the village level for the purchase and sale of Commodity.

Pathanamthitta - Pil-grim's paradise

Pathanamthitta comes between Kollam, Kottayam, Idukki and Alappuzha. When the district by name Pathanamthitta was formed each of these districts had to shell out some areas for the birth of this new district on 1st Nov. 1982. Their loss was really a great gain to the whole state of Kerala as this new district, rich in cash -overflowing with foreign remittances- has since grown in leaps and bounds. The place that hosts Sabarimala has to grow! After all it is at Sabarimala, where lord Ayyappa resides.

There are three rivers in this district Achenkoil, Manimala, and Pampa. The rustic beauty of Pathanamthitta is a feast for the eye of any who loves nature. Soil of Pathanamthitta is so fertile that any kind of tropical plants flourish giving good returns to those who take care of it. Of the total area of 2642 kilometers forest contributes about 1300 sq.kms. Teak rosewood jackwood anjili etc. are the main wealth of these forests. Pathanamthitta consist of three geographical areas the upper hilly areas fertile and populated middle portion and the lower part of clay and muddy areas derived from the erstwhile Alappuzha district.

The main attraction of this district is un-doubtedly- Sabarimala, the blessed hills which houses Lord Ayyappa the most adorned deity of Keralites all over the world. With the advent of Vrichikam, Dhanu and Makaram (months in Malayalam calendar which falls between November to January) marks the times for pilgrimage to Sabarimala. Devotees Who wishes to pay a visit to the temple wake up early in the morning take bathe go to the nearest temple pray for the success of their visit to Sabarimala . They adhere to strict vegetarian diet stop smoking and consumption of alcohol and live a life similar to that of a monk by observing celibacy. The penance usually lasts for about one month or so. They usually wear black mundu (loin-cloth) and black shirt wear bands of sandal paste on their foreheads. The pilgrimage is usually done in small groups. They carry "irumudikkettu" a bag of two partitions containing rice dhal and a lot of such items for food and pooja performances of the temple. The pristine forests on the way pamper the pilgrims with cool shades. These forests once were inhabited by wild animals especially tigers. Therefore a pilgrim's return from Sabarimala was subject to a lot of chances- many a pilgrim fell victim to voracious tigers those roamed free in the dense forests! However a safe return of a pilgrim was a celebration to the entire village those times.

Pathanam thitta is divided in to two revenue sub-divisions, Thiruvalla and Adoor and subdivided in to five taluks- Ranni. Mallappally, Adoor Pathanamthitta and Kozhenchery. This district consists of 68 villages. Even before the formation of the revenue district, Pathanamthitta was a commercially important town. Considerable population of non-residents bring good amount of remittances which fill the coffers of branches of almost all of the nationalized and private banks which vie for the NRI pie. The credit deposit ratio in this district is very poor as there are many depositors and few takers! The bank managers are a happy lot as there is seldom any chance for bad debts as there are no loan mongers as it is the case with other parts of the state. Other than the NRI money there are the rubber trees which over flows the kitty of the farmers and the money spills down to the market making a booming economy. God is in his heaven (sabarimala)and every thing is right with the world (Pathanamthitta)!

For a tourist Pathanamthitta has much to offer. Aranmula a culturally rich village is more known to the snake boats produced there and the grand fiesta known as the Aranmula boat fiesta (vallam-kali) which is a celebration on the river. Big snake boats decorated gracefully and loaded with hundreds of people in each is an unforgettable sight. It is a celebration sans competition a- performance in which each and every villager has a stake. The metal mirror known as Aranmula Kannadi is a riddle even in this age of technology. The technology of making it is owned by one two families and no one on earth know how to make such a mirror out of alloy-metal. The secret is closely held by the members of the family. The metal mirrors of Aranmula are being widely exported and adorn the curio-shops world wide.

Pathanamthitta is just 56 kilometers from Kottayam and well connected with roads. The nearest railway station is Thiruvalla. Trivandrum and Kochi(Nedumpassery) are the nearest air-ports. Good accommodation is available as hotels are in abundance. During the pilgrimage season all roads leads to one diretion and that is Sabarimala this causes a lot of traffic and accommodation problems after all these are the same with all pilgrim centers. Mandala kalam - as the Sabarimala season is known- will fill the entire area with the loud calls "saranam Ayyappa" which will fill the heart of any one- even a confirmed atheist- with devotion and he will respond with a loud call "Saranam Ayyappa"-save me god.!

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Onam - A Nostalgic Feeling

Onam is a season in which everybody in kerala or rather keralites around the world is struck by a strong bout of nostalgia

Of all festivals celebrated by Keralites Onam is by far the most vivid and colorful one. The torrential monsoon which batters this piece of land from the month of June to August recedes giving a respite to all to come out and enjoy the fresh sunlight with Flowers and ready to be harvested fields all around. Like all festivals of this culture-rich people in kerala, onam too has a mythology.which is also unique.

The story runs thus "There lived an emperor in kerala by name Bali (known as Maha- Bali - Maha meaning great) .He ruled this piece of land so well that his kingdom became More prosperous than heaven.This made the demi- gods of heaven so jealous that they conspired to eliminate him. The demigods (Devas) approached Lord Vishnu, their chief and appealed for the elimination of the king to save the heaven from loosing its status. Lord Vishnu took the shape of a poor Brahmin and approached the king beseeched for Alms the king offered to give the Brahmin whatever he asked.(Sukramuni - the guru of Mahabali - had warned the king of imminent dangers sensing the appearance of the Brahmin, which the king ignored) In return the Brahmin begged for three feet measure of land. The Brahmin all of a sudden turned in to his original form and measured all earth, heaven and hell with his two feet and asked for space for his third foot. Mahabali came to know about true identity of the royal visitor and with due obeisance bowed his head before Lord Vishnu and begged that the third foot may be placed on his head. Lord Vishnu Was shaken by the benevolence of the great Mahabali and readily headed to Bali's humble request that once in a year he may be permitted to visit his dear land that is Kerala. And after Vishnu placed his foot on the head of the emperor suddenly the Emperor was transported to his original abode. But as promised Mahalbali visits Kerala once in a year to see his dear people it is believed that Mahabali visits each and every home in Kerala. People of Kerala to show their respect to their former king recreate a happy and gay atmosphere to please Mahabali.

ATHAM celebration falls ten days prior to onam.This celebration is mainly for Girls and women. A floral treat lasting ten days .every morning girls under the guidance of grownups will make a floral decoration before their home. Competitions for the best arrangements are also held. The collecting of flowers is done in previous day by children. Boys and girls in groups go surrounding places with basket for this purpose. The temple at Thrikkakara in Kottayam District in Kerala is known for the great
Celebration of Atham held ten days prior to onam.

SWING (oonjal) children get the rare enjoyment in swinging as schools are closed and no worry about schools and studies.Grownups make big swings to children who assemble around it and play all sort of games.

VASTRAM (new dress) all members of family are privileged to get new dress. And girls In their new silk skirts are a feast to the beholder

SADHYA (feast) The feast accompanying Onam celebrations is not just an ordinary one It is something unique with more than twenty items which is served in plantain leaf each has specific position as shown in the accompanying picture. The rice occupies the central Position on which moong dhal (parippu) first served on the right side only after that is over the sambhar then comes the turn of the sweet treats payasams of different hues. The sour one pulissery made from curd and then finally moru which is a treat to acidity that may arise after the heavy intake.

Of late commercialization has taken it's toll in the traditional mode of celebrations and extensive shopping eating out at expensive hotels are becoming the order of the day. The electronic and print media have been responsible for this fallout, but also have to be admitted that old mode of celebrations can be accessed by the new generation who are placed far away and detached from the traditional setups. Medias are playing commendable role in preserving the modes so that each Keralite has access wherever he is residing

A NOSTALGIA - Time has changed and definitely is changing. No one can forget about the celebrations he has physically taken part, and the rituals one has observed in one's younger ages wherever one has gone or whatever one has become. The word Onam Will take him to his native village in that second - the places he has wandered with his childhood friends. And the little quarrels and calf loves happened and forgotten far before. His siblings as little kids - who are old and living far away-perhaps thinking about the same things he is thinking as it is onam season which for everybody to dream, to be struck by strong bout of nostalgia.It is onam after all!!!!.

Links related to Kerala

Links related to Kerala

List of B.pharm and Nursing Colleges in Kerala

B. Pharm

Government Colleges

College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kozhikkode
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram

Self-financing Colleges

Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna
Cresent B.Pharm College, Madayipara P.O., Payangadi, Kannur.
Mar-Dioscorus College of Pharmacy, Alathara, Thiruvananthapuram.
Chemists College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Varikoli, Puthencruz, Ernakulam.
Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, Chelambra, Malappuram
Dale-view College of Pharmacy, Punalal, Vellanad, Thiruvananthapuram
St. Joseph's College of Pharmacy, Muttom, Cherthala.
Ezhuthachan National Pharmacy College, Marayamuttom, Neyyattinkara, TVPM
Grace College of Pharmacy, Kodinthirapally, Palakkad
JDT Islam College of Pharmacy, Jamiath Hills, Marikkunnu, Kozhikkode
St. James Medical Academy Pharmacy College, Chalakkudy, Thrissur
Jamia Salafiya Pharmacy College, Pulikkal, Malappuram
Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pariyaram, Kannur
Malik Deenar College of Pharmacy, Seethangoli, Bela Village, Kasaragod
Nazareth College of Pharmacy, Othera P O, Thiruvalla
National College of Pharmacy, Kozhikkode
Nirmala College of Pharmacy College, Moovattupuzha
Nehru College of Pharmacy, Pambady, Thrissur
Pushpagiri College of Pharmacy, Tiruvalla
Rajeev Gandhi Institute of Pharmacy
Sree Krishna College of Pharmacy & Research Centre, Parassala, Thiruvananthapuram.

B.Sc. Nursing

Government Colleges

Govt. Nursing College, Kozhikkode
Govt. Nursing College, Kottayam
Govt. College of Nursing , Thiruvananthapuram
Govt. Medical College, Thrissur
Govt. Medical College, Alappuzha

Self-financing Colleges

Alshifa College of Nursing, Perinthalmanna
Aswani College of Nursing, Nadathara, Thrissur
Amala Nursing College, Amala Nagar, Thrissur.
Archana College of Nursing, Pandalam
Baby Memorial College of Nursing, Kozhikkode
Bishop Benzier College of Nursing, Kollam - 1
CANOSSA College of Nursing, Cherukunnu, Kannur, Pin 670301

Caritas College of Nursing, Thellakom, Kottayam
Century College of Nursing, Poinachi, Kasaragode
College of Nursing, Cresent Medical Centre Ltd., Alathur P O, Palakkad
C.S.I. College of Nursing, Karakonam, Thiruvananthapuram
Holy Cross College of Nursing, Kottiyam, Kollam
Holy Family College of Nursing, Muthalakodam, Thodupuzha
Jubilee Nursing College, Chalakudy
Jubilee Mission College of Nursing, Thrissur
Josco College of Nursing, P O Box No. 14, Edappon, Pandalam, Alapuzha Dt.
KIMS College of Nursing, Thiruvananthapuram.
College of Nursing, Pariyaram, Kannur.
Koyili College of Nursing, Kannur
K.V.M College of Nursing, Cherthala
Lourdes College of Nursing, Kakkanad, Cochin
Lisie College of Nursing, Kochi
Little Flower College of Nursing, Angamaly, EKM
Mar Basselios College of Nursing, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam
MES College of Nursing, Perinthalmanna, Malappuram
MGM Muthoot College of Nursing, Kozhencherry.
MIMS College of Nursing, Govindapuram, Kozhikode
Malik Deenar College of Nursing, Kasaragod
College of Nursing, Moulana Hospital, Perinthalmanna, Malappuram
Mary Matha College of Nursing, Olathanni, Neyyattinkara, Thiruvananthapuram
College of Nursing, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Kolencherry, EKM
Mar Sleeva College of Nursing, Cherpumkal, Pala.
Medical Trust College of Nursing, Kochi
Mother College of Nursing, Olary, Thrissur.
Nightingale College of Nursing, Nedumangad.
Nirmala College of Nursing, Marikunnu, Kozhikode
National Hospital College of Nursing, Kozhikkode
College of Nursing, Prestige Educational Trust, Kannur
Pushpagiri College of Nursing, Thiruvalla
P.V.S College of Nursing, Kozhikkode.
San Joe College of Nursing, Perumbavoor, Ernakulam.
St. Gregorious College of Nursing, Parumala, Mannar.
Samaritan College of Nursing, Pazhanganad, Kizhakkambalam, Aluva.
St. Joseph's College of Nursing, Dharmagiri, Kothamangalam
St. John's College of Nursing, Kattappana.
V.N.S.S. College of Nursing, S.N Trust Medical Mission, Sanker's Hospital, Kollam.
St. Joseph's College of Nursing, Anchal
St. Thomas College of Nursing, Changanassery
Sivagiri Sreenarayana Medical Mission College of Nursing, Varkala, TVM.
Theophilus College of Nursing, Kangazha, Kottayam
Thiruvalla Medical Mission College of Nursing, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta
Upasana College of Nursing, Upasana Hospital, Q S Road, Kollam.
Vijaya College of Nursing, Kottarakkara, Kollam
West Fort College of Nursing, Thrissur.

Medical Colleges In Kerala

Government Medical Colleges

Govt. Medical College, Vandanam P.O, Alappuzha - 688005.
Govt. Medical College, Medical College P.O, Kozhikode - 673008.
Govt. Medical College, Gandhi Nagar P.O, Kottayam - 686008.
Govt. Medical College, Velappaya P.O, Thrissur - 680596
Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram - 695011.

Self Financing Medical Colleges

Co-operative Medical College, Kochi - 683503.
Academy of Medical Sciences, Pariyaram, Kannur - 670503.
Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur - 680555.
MES Medical College, Perinthalmanna - 679338.
Sree Gokulam Medical College & Research Foundation, Venjaramoodu P O, TVPM.
Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Centre, Thrissur - 680005.
Karuna Medical College, Vilayodi, Palakkad.
Kannur Medical College, Kannur
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College, Kolencherry, Ernakulam.
Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Thiruvalla - 689101.
Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College, Karakonam, Thiruvananthapuram.
SUT Medical College, Vattappara, Thiruvananthapuram.

Government Dental Colleges

Government Dental College, Medical College P.O, Kozhikode - 673008
Government Dental College, Ghandhi Nagar P.O, Kottayam - 686008.
Goverment Dental College, Medical College P.O, Thiruvananthapuram - 695011.

Self financing Dental Colleges

Annoor Dental College, Puthupaddy P.O, Ernakulam - 686673.
Azeezia College of Dental Science & Research, Diamond Hills, Meeyyannoor, Kollam.
Century International Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Kasaragod - 671541.
Kannur Dental College, Anjarakandy, Kannur.
KMCT Dental College, Mambatta, Mukkam, Kozhikode.
Noorul Islam College of Dental Science, Thiruvananthapuram.
Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Tiruvalla
Pariyaram Dental College, Pariyaram Medical College P.O, Kannur - 670503.
Mar Baselious Dental College, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam - 686691.
PMS College of Dental Sciences & Research, Thiruvananthapuram - 695028.
Royal Dental College, Chalissery P.O, Palakkad - 679536.
St. Gregorios Dental College, Chelad, Kothamangalam, Ernrakulam.
Sri. Sankara Dental College, Akathumuri, Varkala.

Engineering Colleges in Kerala

Government and Aided colleges under the Director of Technical Education (DTE)

College of Engineering Thiruvananthapuram 695016.
Government Engineering College, Barton Hill, Thiruvananthapuram 695035.
Government Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Vellore P.O, Pampady Kottayam 686501.
Government Engineering College Thrissur, R V Puram 680009.
Government Engineering College Palakkad, Sreekrishnapuram 679513.
Government College of Engineering Mangattuparamba, Parassinikadavu P.O, Kannur 670563.
Government Engineering College Kozhikode, West Hill P.O Kozhikode 673005.
Government Engineering College Painavu, Idukki 685603.
Government Engineering College Wayanad, Nalloornad P.O, Mananthavady 670645.
TKM College of Engineering, TKM College Post, Kollam 691005.
N.S.S College of Engineering, Engineering College P.O, Akathethara, Palakkad 678008.
Mar Athanasius College of Engineering , College P.O, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam 686666.

Engineering Colleges under the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU)

College of Dairy Science and Technology, Mannuthy P.O Thrissur 680651.
Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur P.O, Malappuram 679573.

Self-financing Engineering Colleges under the Institute of Human Resources Development (IHRD)

College of Engineering, Manakkala P.O, Adoor 691551.
College of Engineering, Chengannur P.O, Alappuzha 689121.
Model Engineering College, B.M.C Post, Thrikkaara, Kochi 682021.
College of Engineering, Karunagapally, Pada.North P.O, Karunagapally 690518.
College of Engineering, Thekkekara P.O, Poonjar 686582.
College of Engineering, Attingal, Thiruvananthapuram 695101.
College of Engineering, Thrikkannamangal ETC P.O, Kottarakara 691531.
College of Engineering, Pallippuram P.O, Cherthala 688541.
College of Engineering, Kallooppara, Kadamankulam P.O, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta 689603.

Self-financing Engineering College under the Bahadur Shastri Centre for Science and Technology

L.B.S College of Engineering, Kasaragod, Povval, Muliyar P.O, Kasaragod - 671542.
L.B.S Institute of Technology for Women, Poojapura P.O, Thiruvananthapuram 695012.

Self-financing Engineering College under the KSRTC

Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Pappanamcode P.O, Thiruvananthapuram 695018.

Self -financing Colleges under the Co-operative Academy of Professional Education (CAPE)

College of Engineering Kidangoor, Kidangoor South P.O, Kottayam 686583.
College of Engineering Trikaripur, Cheemeni P.O, Cheruvathur, Kasaragod 671313.
College of Engineering Eranjoli P.O, Thalassery, Kannur 670107.
College of Engineering Perumon, Perinad P.O, Kollam 691601.
Co-operative Institute of Technology, Mandarathur P.O, Kurunthodi, Vadakara, Kozhikode 673105.

Self - financing Engineering College under the Mahatma Gandhi University

Mahatma Gandhi University College of Engineering, Muttom P.O, Thodupuzha, Idukki 685587.

Self-financing Engineering College under the University of Kerala

University College of Engineering, Golden Jubilee Building, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581.

Self-financing Engineering College under the University of Calicut

Calicut University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kohinoor, Thenhipalam P.O, Malappuram 673636.

Self-financing Engineering College under the Centre for Continuing Education

College of Engineering, County Hills Munnar P.O, Idukki 685612.

Self-financing Engineering Colleges under Private Management

Al-Ameen College of Engineering, Pattambi, Palakkad 679122.
Amal Jyothi Engineering College, Kanjirapally, Kottayam 686518.
Adi Sankara Institute of Engg. & Tech., Kalady, Eranakulam 683574.
AWH Engineering College, Kuttikatoor, Kozhikkode- 673008.
Baselios Mathew II College of Engg., Sasthamcotta, Kollam 690520.
Carmel Engineering College, Koonamkara, Ranni, Pathanamthitta
Federal Institute of Science & Tech., Mookkannoor, Ernakulam
Ilahia College of Engineering & Tech., Mulavoor, Muvattupuzha
I E S College of Engineering, Thrissur
Jyothi Engineering College, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur
K M C T College of Engineering, Manassery, Kozhikkode
K M E A Engineering College, Alwaye
Lourdes Matha College of Science & Tech., Kuttichal, Trivandrum
Mar Baselios Christian College of Engg. & Tech., Peermede, Idukki
Mar Baselios College of Engineering & Tech., Nalanchira, Trivandrum
Marian Engineering College, Kazhakuttom, Trivandrum
Musaliar College of Engineering & Tech., Kumpazha, Pathanamthitta
Mohandas College of Engg. & Tech., Nedumangad, Trivandrum
M E A Engineering College, Chemmaniyod, Malappuram
M E S College of Engineering, Kuttippuram
Met's School of Engineering, Mala, Thrissur
M G College of Engineering, Thiruvallom, Thiruvananthapuram.
Saintgits College of Engineering, Pathamuttom, Kottayam
Mangalam College of Engineering, Ettumanoor, Kottayam
Mary Matha College of Engineering, Olathanni, Thiruvananthapuram
Matha College of Technology, Manakappadi, North Pravur, Ernakulam
Muslim Association College of Engineering, Venjaramoodu
Mount Zion College of Engg., Pathanamthitta
Nehru College of Engg. & Research Centre, Thiruvillwamala, Thrissur
P A Aziz College of Engineering & Technology, Karakulam, Thiruvananthapuram
Royal College of Engineering & Technology, Akkikkavu P O, Thrissur
Rajagiri Schooll of Engg. & Tech., Kakkanad, Ernakulam
Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor P O, Padanilam, Alappuzha.
SCMS School of Engg. & Tech., Ernakulam
Shahul Hameed Memorial Engineering College, Kadakkal, Kollam
Sahrdaya College of Science & Tech., Kodakara, Thrissur
Sarabhai Institute of Science & Technology, Kattakada, Vellanad, Nedumangad.
St. Joseph's College of Engg. & Tech., Palai
Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering & Technology, Payyannur, Kannur
Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kadayiruppu P O, Ernakulam
Sree Narayana Mangalam Inst. of Mgmt. & Tech., Maliankara
Travancore Engineering College, Aayoor, Kollam
T. K. M Institute of Technology, Ezhukone, Kollam
Toc H Institute of Science & Technology, Mulamthurutthy, Ernakulam
Vidya Academy of Science & Technology, Thrissur
Veda Vyasa Institute of Technology, Ponnempadam P O, Karadparamba, Malappuram.
Viswa Jyothi College of Engineering & Technology, Vazhakkulam, Ernakulam
Vimal Jyothi Engineering College, Chemperi, Kannur
Younus College of Engineering & Technology, Vadakkevila, Kollam.

Hospitals in Kerala

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773 Nair, C T Sivasankaran Application of Social Cost-Benefit Analysis to Forestry Projects: A Case Study of the Eucalyptus Project of the Kerala Forest Development Corporation -- TVM: C D S, 1976

774 Nair, D Appukuttan, ed and Panikker, K Ayappa, ed. Kathakali: The Art of the Non-Worldly -- Bombay: Marg 1993.

775 Nair, G Ramachandran Nayar Samudayathinte Ithihasam: A Social History of Literary Value -- Tvm.: Sahityavedi, 1987.

776 Nair, G Ramachandran Pattom Muthal Nayanar Vare (Jeevacharithra Kurippukal)-- Trivandrum: Sahitya Vedi, 2000.

777 Nair, G Ramachandren Thiruvananthapuratinte Etihasam -- Tvm.: Sahithyavedi, 1996.

778 Nair, J Rajasekharan Statistical Portrait of the Kerala University -- Trivandrum: Lily Publishers, 1982.

779 Nair, K K Ramachandran Kerala State Gazetteer Vol. II (Pt.1). Kerala -- Tvm: Kerala Gazetteers, 1986.

780 Nair, K Maheswaran Chronicles of the Trivandrum Pagoda -- Trivandrum: Symala Devi, 1968.

781 Nair, K Maheswaran Epigraphia Malabarica -- Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society--1972.

782 Nair, K N S and Baby, V K Eighth Five Year Plan 1990-95 Report of the Task Force on Forestry and Wild Life - Part II Towards a Perspective Plan for Forest Development and Management: 2025 A.D. Kerala, Planning Board -- Kerala, State Planning Board, 1989.

783 Nair, K Narayanan Bovine Holdings in Kerala: An Analysis of Factors Governing Demand and Supply -- Trivandrum: CDS, 1981.

784 Nair, K Ramachandran Industrial Relations in Kerala -- New Delhi: Sterling 1973.

785 Nair, K Ramachandran, Chairman Ninth Five Year Plan 1997-2002: Report.Kerala, Planning Board, Housing, Labour, Social Security and Welfare Poverty Alleviation Rural Development and Special Problem Areas, Steering Committee on (1996) -- TVM: The Author, 1997.

786 Nair, K Sivasankaran Marthanda Varma Muthal Munroe Vare -- Kottayam: DC Books--1996.

787 Nair, K Sivasankaran Pracheena Keralathinte Rashtreeya Charitram -- Kottayam: DC Books, 1998.

788 Nair, K Sukumaran Administrative Co-ordination at State Level in India: A Study of the Government Secretariat at the Board of Revenue in Kerala--Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1975.

789 Nair, K Sukumaran Rural Politics and Government in Kerala -- Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1976.

790 Nair, P Ramanujan Library Movement in Kerala: The Need for Reform and Legislation.--: Trivandrum Writers Club, 1974.

791 Nair, P T: Raman, Chairman Rice Deal Inquiry Commission Report--Kerala, Rice Deal Inquiry Commission (1958) -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1959.

792 Nair, P V, Chairman Report of Minimum Wages committee for Employment in the Handloom Industry. Kerala, Minimun Wages Committee for Employment in the Handloom Industry (1958) -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1956.

793 Nair, R Ramakrishnan (The) Political Ideas of Swadesabhimani (1878-1916).-- Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1975. 794 Nair, R Ramakrishnan Constitutional Experiments in Kerala -- Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1964.

795 Nair, R Ramakrishnan How Communists Came to Power in Kerala -- Trivandrum: The Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1965.

796 Nair, R Ramakrishnan Middle Class in Kerala -- Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1974.

797 Nair, R Ramakrishnan Social Structure and Political Development in Kerala.-- Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1976.

798 Nair, S Preetha Role of the Kerala Temple in Socio-Economic Articulation: A Structural Functional Analysis -- Tvm.: CDS, 1992.

799 Nair, S Ramachandran Social and Cultural History of Colonial Kerala -- Kalady: The Author, 1999.

800 Nair, S Ramachandran Social Consequences of Agrarian Change -- Jaipur: Printwell, 1991.

801 Nair, S: Ramachandran State and Economy in Colonial British Kerala -- Tvm.: Lipi, 1998.

802 Nair, Sukumari N, et al. Operational Research on Spacing Methods in Kerala: Diagnostic phase -- Thiruvanthapuram: Population Research Centre, 1996.

803 Nair, T P Sankarankutty Tragic Decade in Kerala History -- Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society, 1977.

804 Nair, T.P. Sankarankutty, ed. Society and Politics: Issues and Perspectives - A Festschrift in Honour of Dr.P.J. Alexander -- Thiruvananthapuram: Indian Institute of Police Studies, 1998.

805 Nair, U Sivaraman Report on the Survey of Unemployment Kerala -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1954.

806 Nair, V K Sukumaran Characteristics of the Rural Labour Market in a Multi- Crop Region: A Study of Selected Villages in Kerala --Cochin: Cochin University of Science and Technology, 1995

807 Nair, Velayudhan, Chairman Report of Minimum Wages Committee for Toddy Tapping Industry. Kerala, Minimum Wages Committee for Employment in Toddy Tapping Industry (1957) -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1958.

808 Nambiar, O K Kunjalis: Admirals of Calicut -2nd ed.-- Bombay: Asia Publishing, 1963.

809 Namboodiripad, E M S Anti-Communist gang-up in Kerala: Betrayers of U.F Set Up Anti-People Government -- Calcutta: Communist Party of India, 1970.

810 Namboodiripad, E M S Deshabimaniyude Charithram -- Thiruvananthapuram: Chintha Publishers, 1992.

811 Namboodiripad, E M S Kerala: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow -2nd ed.- Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1968.

812 Namboodiripad, E M S Keralacharithravum Samskaravum: Oru Marxist Veekshanamc --Thiruvananthapuram: Chintha Publishers, 1981.

813 Namboodiripad, E M S Keralathile Communist Prasthanam: Udhbhavavum Valarchayum -- Thiruvananthapuram: Chintha Publishers, 1995.

814 Namboodiripad, E M S M.P.Narayanamenonum communistukarum - Thiruvananthapuram: Chinta Publishers, 1992.

815 Namboodiripad, E M Sankaran Kerala Society and Politics: An Historical Survey --Rev. ed.-- New Delhi: NBC, 1984.

816 Namboodiripad, E M Sankaran National Question in Kerala -- Bombay: People's Publishing House, 1952.

817 Namboothiri, N M: Samoothiri Charithrathile Kanappurangal. -- Sukapuram: Vallathol Vidyapeedam, 1987.

818 Nambudiripad, E M S: Chairman. Report of the Administrative Reforms Committee 1958-- VoI. I Parts I & II Kerala, Administrative Reforms Committee (1958) -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1958.

819 Narayanan, M G S Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala.-- Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society--1972.

820 Narayanan, Kattumadan Nambudiris', Illustrated Weekly of India, 5 March 1972,

821 Natarajan, Dr. P. The Way of the Guru --Geneva: Sufi Publishing Association, 1931.

822 Natarajan, Dr. P [Nataraja Guru] The Word of the Guru (Ernakulam: Paico Publishing House, 1968; first Published, 1952.

823 Nath, Viswa and Ramasubrahmanyan, T S Soil Survey of the Malabar District-Madras: The Author,

1928. 824 Nayanar, E K Kalathinte Kannadi -- Tvm: Govt. Press, 1999.

825 Nayanar, E K Kerala Charithrathile Chila Edukal -- Thiruvananthapuram: Chintha Publishers, 1993.

826 Nayanar, E K Keralam: Oru Rashtreeya Pareekshanasala - Thiruvananthapuram: Chintha Publishers, 1992.

827 Nayar, B K and Geeverghese, K K Fern Flora of Malabar.-- New Delhi: Indus, 1994.

828 Nayar, P K B and George, E I Scheduled Caste and Tribe High School and College Students in Kerala (A Summary of Findings) -- Surat: CRDS, 1975.

829 Nayar, P K B and Pillai, G Narayana Trivandrum City: Report of a Household Survey -- Trivandrum: The University, 1975

. 830 Nayar, P K B, ed. Development of Kerala: Problems and Promises -- Tvm.: University of Kerala--1972.

831 Nidhiry, Abraham M. Father Nidhiry --Kottayam: Deepika Press, 1971.

832 Nightingale, Pamela Trade and Empire in Western --Cambridge University Press, 1970.

833 Nilakanta Sastri. K.A. A History of South India --Madras: Oxford University Press, 1958.

834 Noble, William A., ed. Kerala State, India: Bibliography --European Languages- - Columbus, Mo.: Geography Department, University of Missouri, 1970.

835 Nossiter, T J Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation -- Delhi: Oxford University, 1982.

836 Oberai, A S, et al. Determinants and Consequences of Internal Migration in India: Studies in Bihar, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh --Delhi: OUP, 1989.

837 Oomen, T.K. The Concept of Dominant Caste: Some Queries', Contributions to Indian Sociology, New Series, No. IV, Dec: 1970.

838 Oommen, Lilly, Comp and Paniker, V Sundaresa, Comp.Bibliography on Kerala Vol. I: A Source Material of Books on Kerala in the Legislature Library -- Trivandrum: Secretariat of Kerala Legislature, 1984.

839 Oommen, Lilly, Comp and Paniker, V Sundaresa, Comp: Bibliography on Kerala V2: Committees and Commissions: A Source Material of Books on Kerala in the Legislature Library -- Trivandrum: Secretariat of Kerala Legislature, 1984.

840 Oommen, M A Essays on Kerala Economy -- New Delhi: Oxford & IBH, 1993

841 Oommen, M A Land Reforms and Socio-Economic Change in Kerala an Introduction in Kerala -- Bangalore: CISRS, 1971.

842 Oommen, M A Study on Land Reforms in Kerala -- New Delhi: Oxford, 1975.

843 Oommen, M A, ed. Kerala Economy--Since Independence -- New Delhi: Oxford IBH, 1979.

844 Oommen, T K: From Mobilization to Institutionalization: The Dynamics of Agrarian Movement in 20th Century Kerala -- Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1985.

845 Ormsby, W.E. Outline of Marumakatayam Law --Kottayam: CMS Press, 1884.

846 Orenstein, Henry Caste and the Concept, "Maharatta", in Maraharasthra', Eastern Anthropologist, Vol. XVI, 1963,

847 Padmanabha A Travancore: A Handbook of Information --Trivandrum: The Author, 1941.

848 Padmanabhan, V T Physicians Pills or People Politics: A Radical Politics and Its Relationship with Improvement in Health Status of Kerala -- Cochin: The Author, 1987.

849 Padmanabha Iyer, A. Cultivation of Tapioca in Travancore', Tropical Agriculturalist. Vol. XLVII, 1916.

850 Padmanabha Iyer, A., ed. Souvenir of the Sashtiabdapurti of Sachivothama Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, K.C.I.E., LI.D, Dewan of Travancore --Trivandrum: ARV Press, 1940.

851 Padmanabha Menon, K.P. History of Kerala, 4 Vols. --Ernakulam: Cochin Government Press, 1924-37.

852 Padmanabhan Pillai, Mannath Ente Jivitasmaranakal --Trivandrum: NSS Press.

853 Padmanabhan Tampi, K. Quilon, an Indian Port of Former Days', Calcutta Review, Vol. CXII, April 1901.

854 Painter, Rev. A.W.[F.] On the Hill Arrians', Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, Vol. II, 1887.

855 Pakenham-Walsh, Herbert The Christa Sishya Sanga', East and West Review, Vol. III, 1937.

856 Palakkunnel, Fr. Mathew Nalagamam, ed. P.J. Sebastian--Changanacherry: Bastian's Publications, 1972.

857 Pandalai, K S Jenmi and Kudiyan: Regulation V of 1071 of Travancore - Madras: Law Printing House, 1912.

858 Pandalay, K Narayanan Regulations and Proclamations of Travancore (with Rules), Vol. I, 1010 to 1067 M E -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1920.

859 Pandalay, K Narayanan Regulations and Proclamations of Travancore with Rules Vol.IV, 1090 to 1095 M E. Travancore -- Trivandurm: The Govt. Press, 1920.

860 Pandalay, Narayanan, K Regulations and Proclamations of Travancore with Rules, Vol. II, 1067 to 1071 M E -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1915.

861 Panikkar, A K, Comp and Pillai, C V Rajan, C V, Comp. Kerala: A Bibliography of Books on Kerala in the University Library, Trivandrum.-- Trivandrum: Kerala University, 1977.

862 Panikkar, A K, Comp and Pillai, C V Rajan Comp Kerala: A Bibliography of Books on Kerala in the University Library, Trivandrum -- Trivandrum: Kerala University, 1977.

863 Panikkar, Gopal, T K Malabar and Its Folk -- New Delhi: AES, 1900.

864 Panikkar, K K Community Development Administration in Kerala -- New Delhi: S Chand & Co, 1974.

865 Panikkar, K M History of Kerala 1498-1801 --: Annamalai University, 1959.

866 Panikkar, K M Malabar and the Portuguse: Being a History of the Relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 to 1663.-- Bombay: D B Taraporevala Sons, 1929.

867 Panikkar, K.M. Some Aspects of Nayar Life', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. XLVIII, 1918

868 Panikkar, K.M. Indian States and the Government of India --London: Martin Hopkinson, 1932.

869 Panikkar, K S Lakshmana, Chairman Report of Minimum Wages Committee for Employment in Inland Water Transport other than Motor Boat Transport. Kerala, Minimum Wages Committee for Employment in Inland Water Transport (1956)-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1958.

870 Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava Malabar and the Dutch: Being the History of the Full of the Nayar Power in Malabar -- Bombay: Taroporevala, 1931.

871 Panikkassery Velayudhan da. Palpu --Trichur: Current Books, 1970.

872 Panjikaran, Joseph C (The) Syrian Church in Malabar - Trichiopoly: Madras, 1914.

873 Pannikar, K N Against Lord and State -- New Delhi: OUP, 1989. L

874 Papers of Interportal Trade Convention.-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1927.

875 Parameswara Aiyer, Ulloor S :Colonel Munro', Kerala Society Papers, No. II, Series 7, 1931.

876 Parameswaran Nair, P.K: History of Malayalam Literature, trans. E.M. Venniyoor --New Delhi: Sahitya Academy, 1967.

877 Parameswaran Nair, P.K: Si. Vi . Raman Pilla --Kottayam: National BookStall, 1959; first Published, 1948.

878 Parameswaran Unni, Narayanan Sanskrit Dramas of Kulasekhara: A Study.- Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society, 1977.

879 Parameswaran Pillai, G. Representative Men of Southern India --Madras: Price Current Press, 1896.

880 Parameswaran Pillai, G. Representative Indian's --London: Routledge, 1897.

881 Parameswaran Pillai, G. London and Paris through Indian Spectacles - Madras: Vaijayanti Press, 1897.

882 Parameswaran Pillai, G. Representative Indian's --London: Thacker, 1902.

883 Parameswaran Pillai, G. A Trip to Travancore: Or Dan and I', Malabar Quarterly Review, Vol.II, No.1, March 1903.

884 Parameswaran Pillai, [Changanacherry] K. A Plea for Partition in Marumakkathayam Tarawads', Malabar Quarterly Review, Vol. VI, Nos.1 and 2, June and Sept. 1907.

885 Parappil, P P Mammad Koya Kozhikotte Muslimukalude Charithram -- Calicut: The Author, 1994.

886 Pattam Thanu Pillai Smaraka Souvenir --Trivandrum: S.M. Basheer, 1971.

887 Patterson, Maureen L.P. Caste and Political Leadership in Maharashtra. A Review and Current Appraisal', Economic Weekly, 25 Sept. 1954.

888 Paul Chiriyankandath Economic aspects of Christian Performing Arts in Kerala: A Dissertation Submitted to Hadusa, All India Institute for Christian Performing Arts as a Partial Fulfilment of the Project on the Socio-Economic Survey and Domentation of Christian Traditional Arts in Kerala -- Kottayam: HADUSA, 1985.

889 Paul, George Key to Kerala -- Kottayam: Malayala Manorama, 1967.

890 Perumal, Nilkan (The) Truth about Travancore: An Impartial Interpretation of the Agitation for Responsible Government.-- Madras: Ram & Co, 1939.

891 Perumal, Nilkan A Hindu Reformation --Madras: R.J. Ram and Company, 1937.

892 Peter, Ivy (The) History of the Ezhavas of Kerala -- Madurai: Kamaraj University -- 1987.

893 [Pettigrew, Rev. T.] A Retired Chaplain', Episodes in the Life of an Indian Chaplain --London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1882.

894 Pharoah and Co: A Gazetteer of Southern India --Madras: Pharoah and Co., 1855.

895 Philip E.M. A Letter to the Secretary to the Corresponding Committee of the C.M.S., Madras, Re the Syrian Church Endowment --Kottayam: Malayala Manorama Press 1902.

896 Philip E.M. The Indian Church of St. Thomas --Nagercoil: London Mission Press, 1950 [written in 1907]

897 Ponnambalam Pillai, T: The Morality of the Ramayana', Malabar Quarterly Review, Vol. VIII, No.2, June 1909.

898 Philip, E M History of Syrian Church in Travancore-- Kottayam: The Author, 1907.

899 Pillai, Chidambaram, P Right of Temple-Entry -- Nagercoil: The Author, 1933.

900 Pillai, Elamkulam P N Kunjan Studies in Kerala History -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1967

901 Pillai, G Narayana Social Welfare Services -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1983.

902 Pillai, G. Parameswaran, Chairman: Report of the Committee on Coir Mats and Matting Manufacturing Industry 1955. Kerala, Coir Mats and Matting Manufacturing Industry, Committee on (1955) --Trivandrum: Govt.Press, 1955.

903 Pillai, K Krishna, ed. Travancore and Its Ruler -- Changanacherry: Sudharma, 1936.

904 Pillai, Kadammanitta Vasudevan Padeni: Madhya Thiruvitamkurile Padenikku Oru Aadya Padam-- Tvm.: State Institute of Language, 1993.

905 Pillai, Kainikkara Padmanabha (The) Red Interlude in Kerala -- Trivandrum: KPCC, 1959.

906 Pillai, N R Krishna Plea for Kanomdars.-- Trivandrum: Keralodayam Press, 1918

907 Pillai, Narayana, G. Social Background of Political Leadership in India -New Delhi: Uppal Publishing House, 1983.

908 Pillai, P Sankara Democracy in Kerala and Pattom A Thanu Pillai -- Changanassery: The Author, 1969.

909 Pillai, P Sundaram Some Early Sovereigns of Travancore -2nd ed.-- Madras: Saiva Siddhanta, 1943.

910 Pillai, Parameswaran, V R Temple Culture of South India -- New Delhi: Inter- India--1986.

911 Pillai, R: Vaidyalingam, Chairman Banking Enquiry CommitteeRreport. Travancore, Banking Enquiry Committee (1929) -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1930.

912 Pillai, Swadesabhimani Ramakrishna Vrithantha Pathrapravarthanam.-4th ed.-Kochi: Kerala Press Academy, 1984.

913 Pillai, V Gangadharan Public Sector in Kerala: Administrative Problems.-- Trivandrum: Academy of Political Science, 1980.

914 Pillai, V Gangadharan State Enterprises in Kerala.-- Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science--1970.

915 Pillai, V R and Panikar, P G Kesava Land Reclamation in Kerala.-- New York: Asia, 1965.

916 Pillai, V R, Chairman Report of Travancore Cochin, Minimum Wages Committee for Plantations (1952) --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1953.

917 Pillai, V R, Chairman Report of the Minimum Wages Committee for Employment in the Tile Industry (1957).-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1958.

918 Pillai, M.R.G. Some Eminent Nayars', Illustrated Weekly of India, 20 Dec. 1970,

919 Pillai, V.R. and Panikkar, P.G.K. Land Reclamation in Kerala --Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1965.

920 Placid, Rev. Fr. and Job, K.E: The Syrian Church of Malabar --Changanacherry: St. Joseph's Orphanage Press--1938.

921 Podipara, P.J: The St. Thomas Christians --London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1970.

922 Poduval, R Vasudeva Travancore Inscriptions: A Topographical List -- New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1990.

923 Poonen, T I Dutch Hegemony in Malabar and Its Collapse (A D 1663-1795) - Trivandrum: University of Kerala, 1978.

924 Poonen, T I: Survey of the Rise of the Dutch Power in Malabar (1603-78) - Trivandrum: University of Travancore, 1948.

925 Pothan, S G Syrian Christians of Kerala -- Bombay: Asia, 1963.

926 Prasannan, R, ed. 25 Years of Kerala Legislature -- Trivandrum: The Govt., Press, 1983.

927 Priyadarshan, G Malayala Patrapravarthanam: Prarambhaswaroopam.- Trissur Kerala Sahitya Academy, 1982.

928 Priyadarshan, G Manmarnja Masikakal: Lekhanangal -- Kottayam: NBS, 1971. Proceedings of the Trivandrum Museum Society --Trivandrum: Sirkar Press, 1856.

929 Qanungo, Bhupen A Study of British Relations with the Native States of India', Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XXVI, No.2, Feb. 1967.

930 Radhakrishan, P Peasant Struggles Land Reforms and Social Change in Malabar -- New Delhi: Sage, 1989.

931 Rae, George Milne: The Syrian Church in India --Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1892.

932 Raghavan, M D Folk Plays and Dancer of Kerala.-- Trichur: Raina Varma Archeological Society, 1947.

933 Raghavan, Puthuppally Kerala Patrapravarthana Charitram.-- Trissur: Kerala Press Academy, 1985.

934 Raghavan, Puthuppally Vikplava Smaranakal Vol. II -- Kottayam: D C Books, 1994.

935 Raghavan, Puthuppally Viplava Smaranakal Vol. III -- Kottayam: D C Books, 1995.

936 Raghaviah, Jaiprakash Basel Mission Industries in Malabar and South Canara: 1834 -1914: A Study of Its Social and Economic Impact -- Tvm.: CDS, 1986.

937 Raja, P.K.S. Medieval Kerala --Annamalainagar: Annamalai University Historical Series--1953.

938 Raja, M Raja Raja Varma Selected Essays -- Trivandrum: Kamalalaya, 1940.

939 Rajaraja Varma Raja, M. A Tribute to a Great Soul. Being a Pen Picture of Professor A.R. Rajaraja Varma, M.A.--Trivandrum: Reddiar Press-- 1935.

940 Rajayyan, K. Kerala Varma and the Malabar Rebellion', Journal of Indian History--Vol. XLVII, Part II, Dec.1969.

941 Rajkumar, N.V. Evolution and Working of the Government in Travancore - Cochin: Gosri Scout Printing Service, 1940.

942 Rajendran, G (The) Ezhava Community and Kerala Politics -- Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1974.

943 Rajendran, N: Establishment of British Power in Malabar (1664 to 1799). -- Allahabad: Chug Publications, 1979.

944 Rajendran, Vilakkudi, ed. Kerala Sthalanamakosam -- Tvm.: State Institute of Language--1984.

945 Ramachandran, V Report on the Measures to be taken for Democratic decentralion at the District and Lower Levels--Vol. I --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1988.

946 Ramakrishnan Nair, R. Constitutional Experiments in Kerala --Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1964.

947 Ramaswami Aiyar, Sir C.P. Pen-Portraits, Essays and Addresses --Bombay: Hind Kitabs Limited--1948.

948 Ramanath Aiyar, S. Brief Sketch of Travancore, The Model State of India-- Trivandrum: Western Star Press, 1903.

949 Ramanath Aiyar, S: The Royal House of Travancore, with a Brief Memoir of H.H. the Maharaja--Trivandrum: Malabar Mail Press, 1904.

950 Ramanath Aiyar, S: The Problem of Charity in Travancore (Trivandrum: Malabar Mail Press, 1907.

951 Ramanath Aiyar, S: Travancore of Today --Madras: Oriental Encyclopaedic Publishing Co. 1920.

952 Ramanath Aiyar, S Diwan T. Rama Row --Trivandrum: Anantha Rama Varma Press, 1926.

953 Ramanath Aiyar, S A History of Travancore --Madras: Srinivasa Varadachari, 1938.

954 Rammohan, K T Material Processes and Developmentalism: Interpreting Economic Change in Colonial Tiruvitamkur, 1800 to 1945 --Tvm: CDS, 1996.

955 Raman Menon, K. The Scythian Origin of the Nairs', Malabar Quarterly Review, Vol.I, No.2, June 1902.

956 Raman Pillai. C.V: Marthanda Varma --A Historical Romance --, trans. B.K. Menon --Trivandrum: Kamalalaya Book Depot, 1936.

957 Ramakrishnan Nair, R. How Communists Came to Power in Kerala --Trivandrum: Kerala Academy of Political Science, 1965.

958 Ramakrishnan Nair, R. and Nossiter, T.J. The Rules of the Electoral Game: Kerala 1970', South Asian Review, Vol. IV, No.3, 1971

959 Ramakrishna Pillai, K. Ente Natukatattal --Kottayam: Good Shepherd Press, 1948; first Published, 1910.

960 Rao, T A Gopinatha, ed. Travancore Archaeological Series, 3Vols. - Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1988.

961 Rao, M.S.A. Caste in Kerala', Sociological Bulletin, Vol. IV, No.2, 1955.

962 Rao, M.S.A. Social Change in Malabar --Bombay: Popular Book Depot, 1957.

963 Ravindran, T K: Asan and Social Revolution in Kerala: A Study of His Assembly Speeches -- Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society, 1972.

964 Ravindran, T K Eight Furlongs of Freedom -- Trivandrum: Light and Life, 1980.

965 Ravindran, T K Institutions and Movements in Kerala History -- Trivandrum: Charithram Pub. 1978.

966 Ravindran, T K Vaikkam Satyagragha and Gandhi -- Trichur: The Institute, 1975.

967 Ravindran, T.K. Cornwallis System in Malabar --Calicut: Parasparasahayi Co-op Printing and Publishing Works, 1969.

968 Rediscovering Kerala -- New Delhi: Vikas, 1985.

969 Regional Records Survey Committee: The History of the Freedom Movement in Kerala. 2Vols. --Trivandrum: Government Press, 1970 and 1972.

970 Renukumar, M R Rehabilitation and Development: Experience of Dalit Landless Labourers in Kerala: A Case Study -- Tvm.: CDS, 1997.

971 Rees, J.D. Prince Albert Victor in Travancore', Macmillan's Magazine, May 1890.

972 Rees, J.D. Narratives of Tours in India Made by His Excellency Lord Connemara, 1886-1890 --Madras: Government Press, 1891.

973 Rees, J.D: The Daily Life of an Indian Prince', Macmillan's Magazine, July 1906.

974 Rees, J.D. Prince Albert Victor in Travancore', Macmillan's Magazine, May 1890.

975 Rees, J.D. Narratives of Tours in India Made by His Excellency Lord Connemara, 1886-1890 --Madras: Government Press, 1891.

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977 Richards, Rev. W.J. Notes on the Tandu Palayans of Travancore', Indian Antiquary, Vol. IX, 1880.

978 Richards, Rev. W.J: The Indian Christians of St. Thomas --London: Bemrose and Sons, 1908.

979 Robinson, William ed. Ringeltaube the Rishi --letters and journals-- Sheffield: Sheffield Independent Press, 1902.

980 Rooksby, R.L. Tribe, Caste and Association in India', mimeographed paper for the Seminar on South Asian Politics and History: Australian National University.

981 Rudolph, Lloyd I. And Susan Hoeber Rajputana under British Paramountcy: The Failure of Indirect Rule', Journal of Modern History, Vol. XXXVIII, No.2, June 1966.

982 Rudolph, Lloyd I. And Susan Hoeber The Modernity of Tradition --Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1967.

983 Rudolph, Lloyd I. And Susan Hoeber The Political Modernization of an Indian Feudal Order: an Analysis of Rajput Adaptation in Rajasthan', Journal of Social Issues, Vol. XXIV, No.4, 1968.

984 Sachchidananda Sarvodaya in a Communist State -- Bombay: Popular, 1961.

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987 Sankara Menon, N S, Chairman Report of Minimum Wages Committee for Employment in Agricultural (1953). Kerala, Minimun Wages Committee for Employment in Agricultural Operations (1953)-- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1956.

988 [R.] Sankar Shashtiabdapurthi Commemoration Volume --Quilon: R. Sankar Shashtiabdapurthi Celebrations Souvenir Committee, 1969.

989 Saradamoni K Emergence of a Slave Caste: Pulayas of Kerala -- New Delhi: People's Pub. 1980.

990 Saradamoni, K Matriliny Transformed: Family, Law and Ideology in Twentieth Century Travancore -- New Delhi: Sage, 1999.

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992 Satyaprakash, Comp and Ed. Kerala: A Select Bibliography -- New Delhi: Indian Documentation Centre, 1979.

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994 Scott, Wolf and Mathew, N T Development Monitoring Service at the Local Level Vol. II: Levels of Living and Poverty in Kerala -- Geneva: UNRISD, 1980.

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996 Sebeena Raphy Chavittunatakam: A Historical Study -- Kottayam: Sahitya Pravartaka Co-Operative Society, 1964.

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998 Sekher, T V Migration and Social Change -- Jaipur: Rawat, 1997.

999 Seminar on Panchayat Raj/ Nagar Palika Bill and Its Implications for Local Self-Government and Decentralised Development in Kerala (1993) Background Papers 1-25 -- Thiruvananthapuram: CDS, 1993.

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1007 Singh, Jitendra Communist Rule in Kerala.-- New Delhi: Diwan Chand Information Centre, 1959.

1008 Singh, Prithipal Raja Sir T. Madhava Rao, K.C.S.I', East and West, Vol. V, April 1906,

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1033 Tandon, Prakash Punjabi Century --Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.

1034 Taylor, Dorothy The Story of the Fort Girls' Mission High School, Trivandrum, Kerala State, India', Manuscript, 1964.

1035 Thallath, Jonas (The) Synod of Diamper -- Roma: Pont. Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1958.

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1037 Thandu Aiyar Selected Unreported Decisions of the High Court of Travancore, Vol. I. Travancore -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1913

1038 Thankayya, V and Thilak, P K Thekkan Thiruvithaamkoor: Viplavathinte Naadu -- Kottayam: D C Books, 1995.

1039 Tharakan, P K Michael Migration of Farmers from Travancore to Malabar from 1930 to 1960: An Analysis of its Economic Causes -- Trivandrum: CDS, 1976.

1040 Thekkumbhagam, P S Sabarimala Aythihiam: Charithra Leghanangal -- Kollam: Nagakrishna, 1985.

1041 Thomas, E J Coalition Gamo Politics in Kerala -- New Delhi: Intellectual, 1985.

1042 Thomas, E J Keralathinte Samooha Ghatanayum Roopantharavum -- Kottayam: D.C.Books, 1997.

1043 Thomas, P J Malayala Sahityavum Christyanikalum -- Kottayam: D C Books, 1989.

1044 Thomas O.M. Under the Knife --Allahabad: New Book Syndicate--Revised Edition--1970.

1045 Thomas, Daniel Sree Narayana Guru --Bangalore: Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society 1965.

1046 Tisserant, Eugene Eastern Christianity in India, trans. E.R. Hambye --London: Green 1957.

1047 Tornquist, Olle and Tharakan, Michael, P K Next Left? Democratisation and Attempts to Renew the Radical Political Development Project: The Case of Kerala-- Copenhagen: NIAS Books, 1995.

1048 Travancore-Cochin Kudikidappu Rules-- Trivandrum: The Author, 1955.

1049 Travancore-Cochin Prevention of Eviction of Kudikidappukars Act 1955: Act 13 of 1955 (As on 15-10-1959) -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1960.

1050 Travancore Acts and Proclamations 1117-1118 M E, Vol.13, Pt.1-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1945.

1051 Travancore Acts and Proclamations Vol.I, 1010-1086 M E--Trivandrum: The Govt. Pres, 1948.

1052 Travancore Acts and Proclamations Vol.10, 1113-1114 M E -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1939.

1053 Travancore Acts and Proclamations Vol.13-Pt.2, 1117-1118 -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1946.

1054 Travancore Acts and Proclamations Vol.13-Pt.2, 1117-1118 : Rules and Notifications -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1946.

1055 Travancore Acts and Proclamations Vol.14 -Pt.2, 1119-1120: Rules and Notifications -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1946.

1056 Travancore Administrative Report 1893-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1893.

1057 Travancore Administrative Report 1919-1920 --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press 1919.

1058 Travancore Administrative Report of Travancore 1921-22 Pt.1-- Trivandrum: The Govt Press, 1922.

1059 Travancore Administrative Report of Travancore 1934-35 -Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1934.

1060 Travancore Consolidated General Index and Reference Guide to the Acts and Proclamations of Travancore -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1946.

1061 Travancore Defence of Travancore Manual: Containing the Defence of Travancore Proclamation, 1115 and the Rules Made there under as Amended upto and Including the 2nd October 1945 --2ed. -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1945.

1062 Travancore Land Improvement and Agricultural Loans Act 1094 (IX of 1094).-Trivandrum: The Author, 1919.

1063 Travancore Land Revenue Manual Vol.II Supple.1: Departmental Ruler and Standing Orders brought upto 15th August, 1934.-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1935.

1064 Travancore Land Revenue Manual Vol.II, Supple.1: Departmental Ruler and Standing Orders Brought upto 31stDecember, 1928, Pt.2--Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1929.

1065 Travancore Land Evenue Manual Vol.II, Supple.1: Departmental Ruler and Standing Orders Brought upto 31st December, 1928, Pt.1--Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1929.

1066 Travancore Land Revenue Manual Vol.II, Supple.1: Departmental Ruler and Standing Orders Brought upto 31st December, 1928, Pt.2--Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1929.

1067 Travancore Land Revenue Manual Vol.II, Supple.1: Departmental Ruler and Standing Orders Brought upto 31st December, 1928, Pt.1--Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1929.

1068 Travancore Land Revenue Manual Vol.II, Supple.3: Departmental Rules and Standing Orders Brought upto 15th August, 1934 --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1935.

1069 Travancore Land Revenue Manual V0l.II, Supple.4: Departmental Rules and Standing Orders Brought upto 16th August, 1939 --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1942.

1070 Travancore Land Revenue Manual Vol.II, Supple.4: Departmental Rules and Standing Orders Brought upto 15th August, 1934 --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1935.

1071 Travancore Land Revenue Manual Vol.II, Supple.5: Departmental Rules and Standing Orders Brought upto 31st Dec. 1944 --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1950.

1072 Travancore Land Revenue Manual Vol.IV: Land Revenue History --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1916.

1073 Travancore Land Revenue Manual, Vol.I.Suppl.2: Unrepealed Regulations, Proclamations and Ruler there-under Brought upto 31st December, 1926 -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1927.

1074 Travancore Land Revenue Manual, Vol.III: Code of Instructions -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1915.

1075 Travancore Land Revenue Manual, Vol.III, Pt.2: Land Revenue Registers, Accounts and Returns--Rev.ed..-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1938.

1076 Travancore Land Revenue Manual, Vol.V -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1916.

1077Travancore', Native States, No.1.

1078 Travancore and Its Land Tenures', Calcutta Review, Vol. CXII, Jan. 1901,

1079 The Travancore Memorials and Counter Memorials --Madras: Madras Times Press, 1891.

1080 Travancore Palace Manual Vol.II -- Tvm.: The Govt. Press, 1936.

1081 Travancore Polymetrical Table Showing the Distances in Miles Between the Principal Places in Travancore.-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1938.

1082 Travancore Regulation and Proclamation: Regulations of 1902 to 1906 - Trivandrum: The Govt. Press

1083 Travancore Regulations and Proclamations Vol.5, 1097-1100 M E - Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1929.

1084 Travancore Regulations and Proclamations Vol.VI --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1930.

1086 Travancore Regulations and Proclamations Vol.IX, 112 M E - Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1937.

1087 Travancore Regulations and Proclamations 1094 M E Pt.2, 1928.

1088 Travancore Regulations and Proclamations Vol.1: Regulation 1 of 1071 M E - - Trivandrum: The Govt. Press,

H

Hospitals

H

1089 Travancore Regulations and Proclamations, Vol.I, 1010 to 1070ME - Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1927.

1090 Travancore Regulations and Proclamations Vol.II: 1071-1080 ME - Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1928.

1091 Travancore Regulations and Proclamations Vol.IV, 1092- 1096 M E - Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1928.

1092 Travancore Regulations and Proclamations Vol.VII, 1105-1109 M E - Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1934.

1093 Travancore Report on the Administration 1896-97--Trivandrum: The Govt. Press.

1094 Travancore Report on the Administration 1902-1903 -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press.1903.

1095 Travancore Report on the Administration, 1903-1904 -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1903.

1096 Travancore Report on the Administration 1903-1904 -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1903.

1097 Travancore Route Book -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1936.

1098 Travancore Sri Chitra State Council Manual -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1933.

1099 Travancore Sri Chitra State Council Manual -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1944.

1100 Travancore Sri Mulam Assembly Manual --4th ed.-- Trivandrum: The Author, 1944.

1101 Travancore Education Code.-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1941.

1102 Travancore Jenmi and Kudiyan Regulation, 1071 (Regulation V of 1071 as an Ended Regulation XII of 1108) -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1933.

1103 Travancore Law Reports -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1943.

1104 Travancore Law Reports -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1945.

1105 Travancore Law Reports -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1946.

1106 Travancore Municipal Manual Vol.I -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1949.

1107 Travancore Municipal Regulations -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1935.

1108 Travancore Nayar Act II -1100 -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1925.

1109 Travancore Prevention of Begging Rules 1945 -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1955.

1110 Travancore Service Recruitment Manual.-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1937.

1111 Travancore Service Regulations Relating to Salary, Leave, Pension and Travelling Allowance (Corrected upto 1-11-1959).-- The Govt. Press, 1964.

1112 Travancore Archaeological Series, Vol.II.-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1912.

1113 Travancore Chamber of Commerce (Alleppey) Report 1938-39 to 1944-45 (Bound together) -- Allepey: The Author, 1938.

1114 Travancore Chamber of Commerce (Alleppey) Report 1946-47 to 1951-52 (Bound together) -- Alleppey: The Author, 1946.

1115 Travancore Chamber of Commerce (Alleppey) Report 1931-32 -- Allepey: The Author, 1931.

1116 Travancore Chamber of Commerce (Alleppey) Report 1932-33 to 1937- 38 (Bound together) -- Allepey: The Author, 1932.

1117 Travancore Chamber of Commerce (Alleppey) Report 1957-58 to 1961-62 (Bound together) -- Alleppey: The Author, 1957.

1118 Travancore Chamber of Commerce (Alleppey) Report 1952-53 to 1956-57 (Bound together) -- Alleppey: The Author, 1952.

1119 Travancore Chamber of Commerce (Alleppey) Manual.-- Allepey: The Author, 1933.

1120 Travancore Coir Mats and Matting Manufacturer's Association Report 1955-56 to 1965-66 (Bound together) -- Alleppey: The Author.

1121 Travancore Coir Mats and Matting Manufacturers' Association Report 1940-41 to 1954-55 (Bound together) -- Alleppey: The Author, 1940.

1122 Travancore Devaswom Board Administration Report for 1952-53 - Trivandrum: Kesari, 1953.

1123 Travancore Devaswom Board Manual Vol.I -Trivandrum: Travancore Devaswom Board, 1955.

1124 Travancore, Economic Depression Enquiry Committee Report Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1931.

1125 Travancore, Economic Dipression Enquiry Committee Report -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1932.

1126 Travancore, Education Reorganisation Committee (1944-45) Report- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1946.

1127 Travancore-Cochin: Abstract of the Mines Maternity Benefit Act 1941 (XIX of 1941) and the Rules Made Thereunder (Malayalam).-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1956.

1128 Travancore-Cochin Administration Report of the Medical Department for the Period between 17th August 1949 to 31st March 1950 -- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1951.

1129 Travancore-Cochin Industrial Statistics (Labour) Rules 1951 -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1952.

1130 Travancore-Cochin National Extension Service Blocks: Manual of Instructions to Block Development Officers and Extension Officres-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1955.

1131 Travancore-Cochin President's Rules 25th March to 31st August 1956 - Trivandrum: The Author, 1956.

1132 Travancore-Cochin Report of the Committee Constituted by the Govt.of the State of Travancore Cochin for Suitable Designs and Cheapest Type of Building Construction for Office and Residential Purpose --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1952.

1133 Travancore-Cochin Report on the Tapioca -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1956.

1134 Travancore-Cochin Rules under the Prisons Act 1950 (XVIII of 1950) - Trivandrum: The Author, 1950.

1135 Travancore-Cochin Second Five Year Plan 1956-61: First Year's Programme -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1956.

1136 Travancore-Cochin Second Five Year Plan: Revised Draft: Statements -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1955.

1137 Travancore-Cochin Statutery Rules and Notifications (1- 6-1950 to 31-12- 1950) -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1951.

1138 Travancore-Cochin Statutery Rules and Notifications Vol.I -- Ernakulam: The Author, 1953.

1139 Travancore-Cochin Statutery Rules and Notifications Vol.II -- Ernakulam: The Author, 1953.

1140 Travancore-Cochin Statutory Rules and Notofications of Kerala (Publidhed in the Kerala Gazattee from 1-10-1959 to 31-12-1959.-- Ernakualm: The Author, 1955.

1141 Travancore-Cochin Statutory Rules and Notofications, 1954.-- Ernakualm: TheAuthor, 1955.

1142 Travancore-Cochin Livestock Improvement Rules 1954.--Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1955.

1143 Travancore-Cochin Panchayat Cartstand Rules: Rules Framed for Opening, Management and Control of Public and Private Cart-Stands under Sections 75 and 76 of the Panchayats Act II of 1950 -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1952.

1144 Travancore-Cochin rules code, 2Vols -- Ernakualm: The Author, 1955.

1145 Travancore-Cochin Minimum Wages Committee for Fixing Mininum Wages for Panchayat Employees (1952) Report.-- Trivandrum:The Govt. Press, 1955.

1146 Travancore-Cochin, Agricultural Income-Tax and Sales-Tax, Ex Report of the Expert Committee Trivandrum: The Author, 1956.

1147 Travancore-Cochin, Labour Department Administration Report 1950-51 - Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1950.

1148 Travancore-Cochin, Labour Department Administration Report 1956-57 - Ernakulam, The Govt. Press, 1956.

1149 Travancore-Cochin, Labour Department Administration Report for the Period Between 16th Aug.1949 and 1st March 1950 -- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1949.

1150 Travancore-Cochin, Labour Department Administration Report for the Year 1124 M E -- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1948.

1151 Travancore-Cochin, Medical Department Administration Report 1950-51-- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1950.

1152 Travancore-Cochin, Medical Department Administration Report 1952-53 -- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1952.

1153 Travancore-Cochin, Medical Department Administration Report 1953-54 -- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1953.

1154 Travancore-Cochin, Report of Minimum Wages Advisory Committee Plantations (1953)--Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1954.

1155 Travancore-Cochin, Public Health Department Administration Report 1948-49 -- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1948.

1156 Travancore-Cochin, Public Health Department Administration Report 1951-52 -- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1951.

1157 Travancore-Cochin, Public Health Department Administration Report 1952-53 -- Ernakulam: The Govt. Press, 1952.

1158 Travancore-Cochin, Revenue (Department) Rules and Standing Orders: Brought upto 31st December 1953 -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1953.

1159 Travnacore Unrepealed Regulations: With the Rules Passed Thereunder Vol. III -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1910.

1160 Travnacore Unrepealed Regulations: With the Rules Passed Thereunder Vol.I -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1910.

1161 Travnacore Unrepealed Regulations: With the Rules Passed Thereunder Vol.II-- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1910.

1162 Trevelyan, Sir Charles The Thugs; or, Secret Murderers of India', Edinburgh Review, Vol. LXIV, Jan. 1837.

1163 Trevelyan, Humphrey The India We Left --London: Macmillan, 1973.

1164 Turlach, Manfred Kerala --in German with a 4-page English summary-- Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1970.

1165 Udayabhanu, A P, Chairman Report of the Minimum Wages Committee for Cashew Industry Kerala, (1952) -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1953.

1166 University of Kerala Annual Report 1937-38.--Trivandrum:The Govt. Press, 1937.

1167 University of Kerala (Trivandrum) Annual Report 1939-40 -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1939.

1168 University of Kerala (Trivandrum) Annual Report 1944-45 --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1944.

1169 University of Kerala (Trivandrum) Annual Report 1945-46 --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1945.

1170 University of Kerala (Trivandrum) Annual Report 1946-47 --Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1946.

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1177 University of Kerala, Statistics, Department of Report of the Pilot Survey of Living Conditions of University Students -- Trivandrum: The Author, 1959.

1178 Varghese, M K Diseases of the Coconut Palm -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1934.

1179 Varghese, T.C. Agrarian Change and Economic Consequences --Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1970.

1180 Variar, Sreedhara K. Marumakkathayam and Allied Systems of Law in the Kerala State --Cochin: The Author, 1969.

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1182 Varier, M R Raghava Keraleeyatha Charitramanangal -- Sukapuram: Vallathol Vidyapeetham, 1990.

1183 Varier, M R Raghava Village Community in Pre-Colonial Kerala -- Mysore: Place Names Society of India, 1994.

1184 Vasanthan, S K Keralacharithra Nighandu -- Kottayam: NBS, 1983.

1185 Velayudhan, P S S.N.D.P Yoga Charitram -- Quilon: S.N.D.P. Yogam, 1978.

1186 Velayudhan, R Kerala: The Red Rain Land -- New Delhi: Indian Institute of Social Affairs, 1958.

1187 Veliparambil, George Satyanadathinte Charitram -- Kottayam: NBS, 1978.

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1194 Venkataraman, K S Coir Indudtry and Trade on the Malabar Coast -- Bombay: The Author, 1940.

1195 Venn, T W Cochin-Malabar: Palms and Pageants -- Calicut: Peirce Leslie, 1948.

1196 Victor Chathiath: A Parish of Kerala: Socio-Religious Survey -- Alwaye: St. Joseph's Apostolic Seminary, 1961.

1197 Victor Kurisumala: A Socio Economic Survey -- Peermade: Kurisumala Ashram, 1962.

1198 Vijayachandran, K. Silent Valley: Myth and Reality -- Trivandrum: PASS, 1980

1199 Vijayan, Abraham Caste, Class and Agrarian Relation in Kerala -- New Delhi: Reliance-- 1998.

1200 Vijayanath, Babu: Report (in 3 Vols). V0l. I, Pt. II. Kerala, Socio-Economic Conditions of Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Commission on-) (1978) -- Trivandrum: The Govt. Press, 1978.

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1205 Vishakham Tirunal A Cursory Notice of Certain Statements in the Rev. J. Johnston's Reply --Madras: Addison, 1882.

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1207 Visscher, Jacob Canter Letters from Malabar --Madras: Gantz Brothers, 1882

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1219 Whitehouse, Rev. T Lingerings of Light in a Dark Land --London: Brown and Co., 1873.

1220 Woodcock, George Kerala-- London: Faber and Faber, 1967.

1221 Working Committee of the Travancore State Congress Travancore Today: Her Struggle for Freedom --Cochin: Union Press, 1938.

1222 Wyndham Quin, Lady Eva A Trip to Travancore', The Nineteenth Century, Vol. XXXI, Feb. 1892,

1223 Yalman, Nur On the Purity of Women in the Castes of Ceylon and Malabar', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. XCIII, Part. I, Jan.-June 1963

1224 Yechouron, Ariane Social History of Public Health and Medicine in Kerala-- Harvard: HUP, 1980.

1225 Yesudas, R N (A) Peoples Revolt in Travancore: A Backward Class Movement for Social Freedom -- Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society, 1975.

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CENSUS OF INDIA 2001-- POPULATION TOTALS

	Chittur Konganpada (War Festival)
	Kerala, once a land of small kingdoms, had witnessed several pitched battles. Few in the state commemorate the war victories of their forefathers. However, people of Chittor in Palakkad district had assimilated a story of triumph into their cultural veins and in every February (on first Monday after the dark lunar in Kumbam, Malayalam calendar) they remember a war they had fought and won; Konganpada, the only war festival in the state. The history of this festival is interwoven with myths.
	Konganpada recollects a war the Chittor Nairs fought against King Rajadhi Raja of Kong dynast from Coimbathore in which the former won. Chittorians believe that Goddess Bhagavathy saved them from the Chola King.
	(According to historical version Kings of Kongu attacked Palakkad and the King of Kochin with the help of Zamorins defeated them. and Konganpada is being celebrated to keep alive that great victory. The festival begins with chilambu; recalling Konganpada's declaration of the war and a perturbed Chittor people thronging the Goddess Bhagavathy pleading to save them from the ordeal. Next morning a flag is hoisted indicating their readiness for the war.
	When dusk falls, people gather near the temple premise ands after three popgun shots march to a place supposed to be the battleground. Oracle leads the procession while others hold torches. At midnight the procession returns from the battleground.
	Next morning procession resumes from a nearby kavu, this time with colour and festivity. Girls are being paraded in men's wear (kolam) on the ground that the Goddess encountered the Konganpada in man's robs. Cultural programmes are also staged in the pageant. In the evening the procession encircles the temple and a messenger from Konganpada reads scroll declaring the war.
	About 10pm Kongan appears and the symbolic war begins. Rival groups run the horses to and fro to recreate a battlefield- like situation. After this Kongan team retreats. A few persons feign death whose bodies are being taken back to their wailing relatives. Later the festival ends with an hour-long percussion. This may be one of the bizarre festivals in the state.

	Maramon Convention
	The largest Convention in Asia, Maramon is held on the sands of River Pampa, at Kozhancheri, near Tiruvalla in Pathanamthitta district. Every year tens of thousands of Christians attend the convention to hear the Word of God and seek His grace. Erudite orators from various countries address the 10-day long convention. Of the years Maramon has become a meeting place of culture and tradition.Maramon is also famous as the birthplace of Palakkunnath Abraham Maplah, a 19th century leader of the Syrian Church of Malabar.Preaching and Bible studies occupy the major part of the conference Along with the religious discourse, special prayers for indisposed are also held.

	Nellikulangara Vallanghi Vela
	A festival unfurling the cultural faces of Palakkad villages which are still under Tamil sway. The festival at the Bhagavathi temple at Vallanghi in Chittur is in fact a competition between two villages-Vallangi and Nenmara- to propitiate the Goddess. Both villages, in their effort to excel the other leave no stone unturned. The main festival is on 20th Meenam (March-April).One of the attractions is the grand procession carrying the image of Bhagavathi on bedecked elephant escorted by the temple oracle, and devotees.
	The competition spirit of the villagers goes up every year. So is the pomp and pageantry of the festival. The flag-hoisting ceremony is held jointly by the Vallanghi and Nenmara on the 9th Meenam, 11 days prior to the festival. During the festival days art forms such as Kummatti, Karivela and Andivelaare staged. The festival is a rare occasion to see the dying folk art forms of the state.

	Thiruvaathira Festival
	The festival falls on the asterism Thiruvathira in the Malayalam month of Dhanu (December-January). On thiruvathira morning, devotees throng Shiva temples for an early worship which is reckoned as highly auspicious.
	Tradition says thiruvathira is celebrating the death of Kamadeva, the mythological God of Love. According to another version, Thiruvathira is the birthday of Lord Shiva. The festival has similarities to adra darshan celebrated in Tamil Nadu.
	On the festival day, women discard rice meal, but only take preparations of chama (panicum miliaceum) or wheat. The day's menu include plantain fruits and tender coconuts. They chew betel and redden their lips. A custom that women should chew 108 betel on the day had prevailed among Namboodiris, Ambalavasis (temple-servants) and Nairs ( all Hindu communities). The first thiruvathira after the marriage of a girl is known as puthenthiruvathira or poothiruvathira( new thiruvathira). Oonjalattom, (swinging on an oonjal (swing) is another amusement women engage themselves with. During the chilly night, women keep vigil for God Shiva and stage Thiruvathirakali, a bewitching dance form.
	Pretty girls in traditional attire circle around a lighted brass lamp, and step to the rhythm of the songs they sing, clapping their hands.
	Pathirappoochoodal, ( wearing of flowers at midnight) is still prevalent among women belonging to Namboodiri, Ambalavasis (temple servants) and Nair communities.
	That thiruvathira is still being celebrated with pomp vouch for the enviable position Kerala women enjoyed in the society. The status she occupied at home and in the society had influenced the state's social structure, customs and religious practices.

	Oaachira Kettukazhcha
	Oachira, near Kayamkulam, has emblazoned its name in the chronicle of war. Battle of Kayamkulam, a watershed event in the history of Travancore, was fought between Marthandavarma, the Maharaja of Travancore and Raja of Kayamkulam. Oachirakkali, commemorating the war, ' is conducted in the beginning of Mithunam (June-July) every year.

	Nilamperoor Padayani
	A festival that reflects the tradition and the culture of rural Kerala, Padayani is being held at Nilamperoor Bhagavathikkavu at Kuttanad in Alapuzha. Kolamkettu (making of effigies) and Kollamthullal (a ritual dance performed by carrying the effigies) are the main attractions of the festival. The chief kolams displayed are of Shiva, Bhima and Ravana. The 16-day festival begins on Thiruvonam day in Chingam (August-September) and ends on Pooram day, the main day in the festival. In Ezhunnellippu, a procession carrying the Kolams (deities)-another event of the festival- idols along with effigies of swans are being carried to the festival ground amid vociferous clamour and outcries from the throng. The tempo of the festival touches its peak with dazzling pyrotechnics. The kolams are brought before the Kavu and after some rites kept in its corner.

	Kerala Village Fair
	Every year, for the lush villages around Kovalam, mid January is the time for cultural events. The traditional thatched houses are decorated during the ten- day festival. The fair becomes a single window for selling Kerala artifacts. The fair nights ladle out folk dances, music and cultural programmes.

	Kalapathy Chariot Festival ( Ratholsav )
	Conquer the depths of the ocean. One of the finest dive sites in the world. If deep is too scary, then snorkeling is your option. If underwater is daunting, then ride the waves with a surfboard or a water scooter.
	Celebrated in the second week of every November. During the festival season, the Vishwanatha temple and the agraharas (traditional houses) of settler Tamil Brahmins at Kalpathy village will submerge in a sea of devotees. The religious fervour will reach its crescendo when the Brahmins carry the rathams to the temple premise, an age-old ritual that is gaining popularity with every passing year. Five major rathams (car, chariot) are being dragged in the flamboyant procession accompanied by caparisoned elephants and percussion. The script chanting Vedic scholars maintain the religious tempo of the festival. Residents of each agrahara here have their own rathams.
	Historians reason that the festival is older than Thirssure pooram, initiated by Sakthan Thampuran. Myths are woven around the history of the festival. One among them say, a Palakkad lady, who had sacrificed material pleasures for worshipping Lord Shiva, left for Kasi Vishwanatha temple. She, it is believed, returned years later with an idol of God Shiva and met the then Palakkad King and requested him to install the idol at the Vishwanatha temple at Kalpathy.
	She also believed to have given gold coins to the King to meet the expense of daily poojas, and requested to celebrate the temple festival every year on the lines of the car festival at Mayuram temples in Tamil Nadu.
	Ratham, mad of wood, is a tower having the height of a three-storied building. Carved rathams have sculptures reminiscent of the Shivaleelas and Vishnuleelas, depicted on the walls of the Chidambarum and Avinashi temples of Tamil Nadu. The festival is also seen an attempt of the Tamil Brahmins to preserve their cultural identity. KERALA LINKS

Educational Institutions

Calicut University
Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT)
Central School, Pattom
Centre for Advamced Training in FOSS
Centre for Continuing Education
Centre for Development Studies
Centre for Foreign Student Affairs
Government Homeopathic Medical College
Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management--Kerala (IIITM-K)
Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode
Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology
Institute of Human Resources Development in Electronics
Institute of Management in Kerala
Kannur University
Kerala Agricultural University
Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies
Kerala Kalamandalam
Kerala University
LBS Centre for Science and Technology
Mahatma Gandhi University
National Institute of Speech and Hearing
National University of Advanced Legal Studies
Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit
State Institute of Languages
State Institute of Rural Development
State Resource Centre
Vasthuvidya Gurukulam

Engineering colleges of Kerala
Medical colleges of Kerala
Arts and Science Colleges of Kerala

Cooperatives

Kerala Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (Milma)
Kerala Kerakarshaka Sahakarana Federation Ltd. (KERAFED)
Kerala State Cashew Workers Apex Industrial Cooperative Society (CAPEX)
Kerala State Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank
Kerala State Cooperative Coir Marketing Federation Ltd
Kerala State Cooperative Consumers' Federation Ltd (CONSUMERFED)
Kerala State Cooperative Consumers' Federation For Fisheries Development (MATSYAFED)
Kerala State Cooperative Institute of Information Technology, Electronics and Communication (COSTECH)
Kerala State Cooperative Marketing Federation (MARKETFED)
Kerala State Cooperative Rubber Marketing Federation (RUBBERMARK)
Kerala State Handicrafts Apex Cooperative Society (SURABHI)
Kerala State Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society (HANTEX)

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